<p>The Old Rockville High School and East School are a pair of historic former school buildings at School and Park Streets in the Rockville section of Vernon, Connecticut. Built in 1892 and 1870 respectively, the two buildings are good examples of late 19th-century school architecture, and the former high school is a particularly good example of Richardsonian Romanesque design. The buildings were listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1981. The high school now houses school administration offices, and the East School houses court offices.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Old Rockville High School and East School are located in the commercial downtown area of Rockville, on the north side of School Street extending eastward from the junction with Park Street. The high school is located at the corner, while the East School is separated from that building by a parking lot and parking garage. The high school is an asymmetrical masonry structure, built mainly out of red brick with granite trim. It exhibits most of the elements typical of Richardsonian Romanesque architecture, including large round-arch openings, bands of windows headed by stone lintels, and a four-story pyramidal tower. The East School is also of brick construction, but is considerably more plain, with a paired brackets in its gabled eaves, and a portico supported by paneled posts rising to rounded arches.</p><br>
<p>The East School was built in 1870, during a period of rapid growth in Rockville caused by the post-Civil War economic boom, and was designed to relieve crowding pressure on smaller district schools. The high school was built in 1892, to a design by Francis Richmond of Springfield, Massachusetts. The era in which it was built also coincided with Rockvilles continuing economic prosperity, and was built to provide a higher level of education called for by the areas employers. Although it was state of the art at the time of its construction, it served the town as a high school only until 1924, and now houses school administrative offices.</p><br>
<p>The Florence Mill, known later as the U. S. Envelope Building, is a former industrial facility located at 121 West Main Street in the Rockville section of Vernon, Connecticut. Developed in stages between 1864 and 1916, it exhibits changes in mill construction technology over that period, include a rare early example of Second Empire architecture. Now converted into senior housing, it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The former Florence Mill complex is located in Vernon&#39;s industrial Rockland section, on the south side of West Main Street opposite its junction with Ward Street. It is set on 6.4 acre of land between West Main Street and the Hockanum River, which historically provided its power. Its main building is a four-story brick structure, more than 200 ft in length, with a Second Empire-style mansard roof and an Italianate tower. To this are appended a number of later buildings, also built out of brick, with later industrial Italianate features.</p><br>
<p>The Florence Mill was built in 1864 to replace an earlier textile mill which was destroyed by fire. In 1881, it was described as the largest brick building in Rockville, and continued in the production of textiles. It was purchased in 1881 by White & Corbin, who expanded the building several times, making it the largest manufacturing plant in the United States for the manufacture of envelopes. The building was used for this purpose by White & Corbin and its successors (including the U. S. Envelope Company), until 1975. Currently, the building is used as an independent living retirement home and has 113 apartments.</p><br>
<p>The Saxony Mill was a historic textile mill complex at 66 West Street in Rockville section of Vernon, Connecticut. With a construction history dating to 1836, it was one of the oldest surviving wood-frame textile mills in the state prior to a 1994 fire which led to its demolition. The mill complex was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1983.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Saxony Mill complex stood at the western end of Rockville&#39;s industrial area, occupying the lowest water privilege in the town on the Hockanum River. It was located at the western end of West Main Street, at its junction with West Street. The site is now a public park. The mill consisted of seven connected structures, most of brick and masonry, built between 1836 and the 1970s. The main (original) mill building was a -story wood-frame structure with a distinctive five-story bell tower rising from the center of its front facade. The remaining structures, all built with load-bearing masonry walls, were added after c. 1870.</p><br>
<p>The oldest portion of the mill, the northern section of the main building, was built in 1836. The Saxony Mill Company was founded in 1838 as a joint-stock company organized by that mills proprietors. The mill at first produced satinet, a woolen material developed as a less-expensive alternative to fine woolens which were then only available from England. The mill went through a series of owners who used the complex in different aspects of textile production until 1951, when most of Rockvilles mills were closed. The main mill was enlarged in 1861, and various additions were made in the early decades of the 20th century. Most recently operated by Plastifoam, a suspicious fire on July 25, 1994, did extensive damage to the then-vacant building and surrounding buildings, and disrupted power to thousands of people. The remaining structure was demolished a short time later. The site is now a municipal park.</p><br>
<p>Alban Towers is an apartment building on Massachusetts Avenue in Northwest Washington, D.C., United States. It is listed in the National Register of Historic Places, and is considered to be one of the best examples of Gothic Revival architecture in Washington.</p><br>
<p>It is located at the intersection of Massachusetts Avenue (Embassy Row) and Wisconsin Avenue; it occupies the 221,000 square foot (21,000 m²) block between those two avenues and Garfield Street, Cathedral Avenue, and 38th Street. Diagonally from the Massachusetts-Wisconsin intersection is the St. Albans School, which occupies the southwestern corner of the grounds of the Washington National Cathedral.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The land Alban Towers is situated on was purchased by its developer from Washington National Cathedral in the early 1920s. It opened in 1929 as the largest apartment building in Washington, D.C. By today&#39;s standards, however, it is modest in size with a height of six stories.</p><br>
<p>Its prominent architect/developer team, Robert O. Scholz, designer, David A. Baer, builder, designed the building in the Gothic Revival with tan-colored brick and limestone employed to simulate the monochrome composition of Gothic style architecture. The design was selected because it was popular in the 1920s and because it would complement the Washington National Cathedral. (Scholz & Baer together were responsible for the construction of at least eight apartment buildings between 1922 and 1931. As a result, they earned a reputation as one of the more important apartment house architect/developer teams of the post-World War I decade. Representing the product of the collaboration, both whom specialized in 1920s apartment building construction, Alban Towers reflects the work of notable planners and architects who influenced the evolution of apartment construction in Washington, D.C.)</p><br>
<p>The lobbies and hallways, with their richly ornamented Gothic/Art Deco elements, were integral to the exterior scheme. Paved in quarry tiles of brown, orange, and ocher laid in a geometric pattern, the lobby is topped by plaster crown molding composed of rope and infilled with alternating roses, acorns, and thistles. These symbols of Great Britain reinforce the English Gothic tenor of the building. The walls of the upper-floor hallways are covered in rough-finished stucco, lending a “sumptuous texture that is rarely found in apartment buildings.”</p><br>
<p>Billed as an apartment hotel, Alban Towers offered its residents 24-hour maid service and a public dining room. The ground floor of the building has housed a beauty shop, a travel agency, a grocery store, and a lunch counter. Each of the upper floors contained a maid&#39;s lounge and a bathroom facility. Constructed during the decade in which apartment construction exceeded that of single-family houses, Alban Towers attempted to compensate for smaller family space by furnishing its tenants with luxurious amenities and public areas. The relative modesty of individual apartments is offset by the grandeur of the public spaces.</p><br>
<p>Alban Towers was the Washington, D.C. headquarters of supporters of the presidential campaigns of John F. Kennedy, Eugene McCarthy, Richard Nixon, and Ronald Reagan. Its hotel suites were frequented by such celebrities as Bette Davis and Frank Sinatra. During World War II, it was discovered that Japanese spies had used the Alban Towers residence of the Japanese Naval attaché as a lookout point to the city as well as a place to tap into official radio frequencies.</p><br>
<p>Its apartments were leased by the embassies of Great Britain, Canada, Australia, South Africa, and others to house their diplomats. However during the 1950s, this created controversy when the embassies of the newly independent African states attempted to lease some of its apartments; Washington was still a racially segregated city and the African diplomats were refused residence in Alban Towers and other area apartment buildings. Originally, the building featured 132 units, mostly of lavish one-bedroom apartment homes, as well as a number of hotel suites. In 1930, responding to the large demand for apartment in the building, the number of units was increased by 84 with the construction of an additional two wings on the south side of the building in 1930.</p><br>
<p>In the 1960s, neglect of the owners to afford proper care and maintenance to the building led to its decline in status. In 1973 it was sold to Georgetown University for use as housing for some 450 students. In the 1980s and 1990s the building fell into a state of serious disrepair. The partnership of Edmonson & Gallagher contracted to purchase the building in 1986, but an association of tenants attempted to exercise a statutory right of first refusal, resulting in clouded title that was not resolved for several years. Sally Berk, president of the DC Preservation League, nominated the building to be an historic landmark in 1990, and it was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1994.</p><br>
<p>In 1995, after the sale to Edmonson had fallen through, Georgetown contracted to sell the building to a partnership led by Starwood. At the time of the sale only 30 apartments in the building were occupied. Starwood paid several tenants to leave their apartments, and paid others to move to temporary housing while renovation work was to be conducted. The building was closed and renovation work began in the summer of 1997, but was stopped shortly thereafter for undisclosed reasons and ultimately abandoned. Finally, in 1999, the building was purchased by Charles E. Smith Co. Residential Realty, which undertook a costly restoration effort. Special attention was paid to the preservation of the building&#39;s original architectural elements. The restoration included restoration architects and artisans to ensure that the original character of the building was retained. The exterior, lobby and hallways were restored, while the actual apartments, which were demolished by previous owners, were completely rebuilt to serve modern demands. The total cost of the restoration was $63 million. The building reopened in 2001.</p><br>
<p>Today, the building provides residence to many diplomats and government officials and to American University students, known to some as The AParty.</p><br>
<h2>Building</h2><br>
<p>Alban Towers exterior consists of Limestone Tracery, bas-relief panels and brick, and has much Gothic-inspired ornamentation including arched balcony openings, gargoyles, and rising spirals on the roof. The main entrance on Massachusetts Avenue features a crenelated porte-cochere with carved spandrels and corbel stones supporting its gothic arches. Also featured on the porte-cochere are eight carved heads, six male and two female. The heads include one of an aviator inspired by Charles A. Lindberghs historic flight.</p><br>
<p>The grand lobby is spacious and designed using Tudor ideals, featuring Tudor strapwork and plaster ceilings. The hallways (which are protected under historic preservation laws) are designed with a rough plaster finish, pointed arches, and sculptural plaster pilasters and brackets. Sculptured plaster arches and panels and friezes in the public corridors resemble the signs of the zodiac.</p><br>
<p>Today, the building has 229 units in the form of studio and one, two and three bedroom luxury apartments between 486 and 1,521 ft&sup2; as rental properties. There are two indoor garages for the buildings residents; attached and detached. The attached garage is incorporated into the buildings basement level and accommodates a limited number of cars. The detached garage is located opposite the building on the building&#39;s access drive, and features two underground heated levels of parking spaces. Additionally, the detached garage serves as access to the private garages of a number of luxury townhouses&mdash;Alban Row&mdash;located above the garage on 38th Street.</p><br>
<p>The building includes a grand lobby, a party room, fitness center, swimming pool, conference center, business center and rooftop garden.</p><br>
<h2>Grounds</h2><br>
<p>An access drive runs behind the building from Cathedral Avenue to Garfield Street. Originally, a large park was located behind the building, but under the current ownership it was scaled down into a nationally recognized butterfly garden, which was designed in coordination with the Washington Area Butterfly Club. The purpose of the scaling down of the park was to provide land for the Alban Row townhouses, which were built to offset the costs of the expensive restoration of 1999&ndash;2001.</p><br>
<p>Bonneville Speedway  is an area of the Bonneville Salt Flats northeast of Wendover, Utah, that is marked out for motor sports. It is particularly noted as the venue for numerous land speed records. The Bonneville Salt Flats Race Track is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>The salt flats were first used for motor sports in 1912, but did not become truly popular until the 1930s when Ab Jenkins and Sir Malcolm Campbell competed to set land speed records.</p><br>
<p>A reduction of available racing surface and salt thickness has led to the cancellation of events at Bonneville, such as Speed Week in 2014 and 2015.</p><br>
<p>Available racing surface is much reduced with just 2.5 mi available</p><br>
<h2>Track layouts</h2><br>
<p>Historically, the speedway was marked out by the Utah Department of Transportation at the start of each summer. Originally, two tracks were prepared; a 10 mi long straightaway for speed trials and an oval or circular track for distance runs, which was typically between 10 and long depending on the condition of the salt surface.</p><br>
<p>Since at least the 1990s, track preparations have been the responsibility of the event organizers. Days or weeks in advance, the track preparers identify an area best suited for their track layouts and begin grading the tracks. Surveyors are brought in to survey the timing trap distances. A day before racing begins, the track markers are added.</p><br>
<p>Originally, the straightaway was marked with a broad black line down its center. This was eventually changed to lines down either side, as the center line wore out too quickly. As the costs for painting the lines has gone up, organizations have switched to flags and cones as track markers. The last event to use black lines was Speed Week, August 2009.</p><br>
<p>The number of tracks and the timed sections for each track are set according to what is most beneficial for each event. Large public meets such as Speed Week run as many as four tracks with several timed miles, usually starting with the second mile and running to the fifth mile. Smaller meets that typically only run world record attempts will utilize a single track, with one timed mile and one timed kilometer in the middle of the track. Additional marks and cones indicate the end of the track and the position of timing equipment.</p><br>
<h2>Deteriorating track conditions</h2><br>
<p>The annual Speed Week was cancelled in both 2014 and 2015, as were many land-speed racing events, due to deteriorating track conditions. Heavy rains caused a layer of mud from surrounding mountains to flow onto the flats, covering approximately 6 mi of the track. Although another section of the flats would normally be used, nearby salt mining operations had reduced the size of the alternative track.</p><br>
<p>The depth of the salt crust at Bonneville has also been decreasing, possibly leaching into a saltwater aquifer. Measured at as much at 3 ft in the 1940s and 50s, it has been reduced to just 2 in in 2015.</p><br>
<p>Though recent studies have been made (since 1960), the causes of this deterioration are not clear, although the evidence points toward both local climatic changes and salt mining. Some strategies were devised to revert the decreasing salt surface, such as pumping back salt, though this had no effect.</p><br>
<h2>Events and meetings</h2><br>
<p>In August, the Southern California Timing Association and Bonneville Nationals Inc. organize Speed Week, the largest meet of the year, which attracts several hundred drivers who compete to set highest speed in a range of categories. Bonneville Speed Week has been taking place since 1949.</p><br>
<p>In late August, the Bonneville Motorcycle Speed Trials are held.</p><br>
<p>In September each year is the World of Speed, (similar to Speed Week) organized by the Utah Salt Flats Racing Association (USFRA). The USFRA also hosts a "Test-n-Tune" event in the summer prior to the World of Speed.</p><br>
<p>In October, the Southern California Timing Association puts on World Finals, a scaled-down version of Speed Week. This event tends to have cooler weather and often drier salt than Speed Week does. There are less spectators and it tends to draw serious racers, as this event is the last chance to break a land speed record and be in the SCTA record book for that year.</p><br>
<p>Each year, there are usually a few private meets that are not publicized scattered among the larger public meets.</p><br>
<h2>Land speed records</h2><br>
<p>Numerous land speed records in various vehicle categories and classes have been set on the Bonneville speed way. In 1960, Mickey Thompson became the first American to break the 400 mph barrier, hitting 406.60 mph and surpassing John Cobb&#39;s 1947 one-way Land speed record of 403 mph. Other notable examples of Bonneville speed records include:</p><br>
<h2>Cycling records</h2><br>
<p>Several motor-paced racing speed records have been attempted at Bonneville.</p><br>
<p>In 1985, American cyclist John Howard set a then world record of 244 km/h.</p><br>
<p>On 15 October 1995, Dutch cyclist Fred Rompelberg achieved 268.831 km/h, using a special bicycle behind a dragster with a large shield.</p><br>
<p>In 2016, Denise Mueller-Korenek claimed a women&#39;s bicycle land speed record at 147 mph. She was coached by Howard. It is not clear which authority was supervising the record attempt.</p><br>
<p>In 2018, Mueller-Korenek broke her own womens record and the mens record at a speed of 183.9 mph.</p><br>
<h2>In popular culture</h2><br>
<p>In the 2003 film The Brown Bunny, Bud Clay races his motorcycle at the speedway.</p><br>
<p>In the 2005 film The World&#39;s Fastest Indian, Burt Munro and his highly modified Indian Scout motorcycle sets a world record.</p><br>
<p>In the 2015 series finale episode of Mad Men, Donald Draper drives a 1970 Chevrolet Chevelle SS muscle car in the races at Bonneville Speedway.</p><br>
<p>Vicksburg National Military Park preserves the site of the American Civil War Battle of Vicksburg, waged from March 29 to July 4, 1863. The park, located in Vicksburg, Mississippi, flanking the Mississippi River, also commemorates the greater Vicksburg Campaign which led up to the battle. Reconstructed forts and trenches evoke memories of the 47-day siege that ended in the surrender of the city. Victory here and at Port Hudson, farther south in Louisiana, gave the Union control of the Mississippi River.</p><br>
<h2>Battlefield</h2><br>
<p>The park includes 1,325 historic monuments and markers, 20 mi of historic trenches and earthworks, a 16 mi tour road, a 12.5 mi walking trail, two antebellum homes, 144 emplaced cannons, the restored gunboat USS Cairo (sunk on December 12, 1862, on the Yazoo River), and the Grant&#39;s Canal site, where the Union Army attempted to build a canal to let their ships bypass Confederate artillery fire.</p><br>
<p>The Cairo, also known as the "Hardluck Ironclad," was the first USA ship in history to be sunk by a torpedo/mine. It was recovered from the Yazoo in 1964.</p><br>
<p>The Illinois State Memorial has 47 steps, one for every day Vicksburg was besieged.</p><br>
<h2>Campaign against Vicksburg</h2><br>
<p>Battle of Chickasaw Bayou</p><br>
<p>Battle of Arkansas Post</p><br>
<p>Battle of Grand Gulf (April 29, 1863)</p><br>
<p>Battle of Snyder&#39;s Bluff (April 29 – May 1)</p><br>
<p>Battle of Port Gibson (May 1)</p><br>
<p>Battle of Raymond (May 12)</p><br>
<p>Battle of Jackson (May 14)</p><br>
<p>Battle of Champion Hill (May 16)</p><br>
<p>Battle of Big Black River Bridge (May 17)</p><br>
<p>Siege of Vicksburg (May 18 – July 4)</p><br>
<h2>Cemetery</h2><br>
<p>The 116.28 acre Vicksburg National Cemetery, is within the park. It has 18,244 interments (12,954 unidentified). The Vicksburg National Cemetery is abutting the Beulah Cemetery.</p><br>
<p>The time period for Civil War interments was 1866 to 1874. The cemetery is not open to new interments.</p><br>
<p>The cemetery has only one Commonwealth war grave, of an airman of Royal Australian Air Force buried during World War II.</p><br>
<h2>Grant&#39;s Canal</h2><br>
<p>The remnants of Grant&#39;s Canal, a detached section of the military park, are located across from Vicksburg near Delta, Louisiana. With the approval of President Abraham Lincoln, the project was commenced by Union Army Major General Benjamin Butler in June 1862, with the work assigned to Brigadier General Thomas Williams. The project was halted in July of that year due to massive amount of disease and sickness among the soldiers and former slaves doing the hard labor of constructing the ditch, and falling water levels on the river.</p><br>
<p>in January 1863, Union Army Major General Ulysses S. Grant ordered the project re-started as part of his Vicksburg Campaign; the task was assigned to Brigadier General William T. Sherman. Neither Grant nor Sherman had any faith in the success of the canal, but the scheme was a favorite of Lincoln&#39;s.</p><br>
<p>The goal of the project was to alter the course of the Mississippi River in order to bypass the Confederate guns at Vicksburg. For various technical reasons the project failed to meet this goal. Grant, however, utilized the canal project to keep his troops occupied during the laborious maneuvering required to begin the Battle of Vicksburg.</p><br>
<h2>Administrative history</h2><br>
<p>The national military park was established on February 21, 1899, to commemorate the siege and defense of Vicksburg. The park and cemetery were transferred from the War Department to the National Park Service (NPS) on August 10, 1933.</p><br>
<p>In the late 1950s, a portion of the park was transferred to the city as a local park in exchange for closing local roads running through the remainder of the park. It also allowed for the construction of Interstate 20. The monuments in land transferred to the city are still maintained by the NPS. As with all historic areas administered by the NPS, the park was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on October 15, 1966. Over half a million visitors visit the park every year.</p><br>
<p>In 2000 the Mississippi House of Representatives approved funding a monument to recognize African-American soldiers in the United States civil war.</p><br>
<p>Sloppy Joe&#39;s Bar is a historic American bar in Key West, Florida located at the corner of Greene and Duval Street since 1937. A frequent haunt of famous writer Ernest Hemingway, it is now home to the annual Hemingway Days celebration and its Hemingway Look-Alike Contest.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The main Bar structure was built in 1917; and the second building, which houses the Kitchen and Joes Tap Room, was built in 1892. Famous writer Ernest Hemingway was a regular patron of the bar in the 1930s. Sloppy Joes was purchased September 8, 1978 by Sid Snelgrove and Jim Mayer and has been owned by the two families since that time. After its manager Michael Walton came up with the idea in 1980, Hemingway Days became an annual celebration of Hemingways life at the bar every July, including a Hemingway Look-Alike Contest. On November 1, 2006, Sloppy Joes was added to the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>Other locations</h2><br>
<p>Sloppy Joe&#39;s has locations in Treasure Island, Florida and Daytona Beach, Florida.</p><br>
<p>Sloppy Joe&#39;s Bar, Key West, FL, US (05).jpgThe bar, 2017</p><br>
<p>The Stagecoach Inn Museum in Newbury Park, California, originally known as the Grand Union Hotel, was used as a resting area for people who traveled from Los Angeles to Santa Barbara. Besides a hotel and stagecoach stop, it has also been used as a post office, church, restaurant and military school. It is California Historical Landmark No. 659 and is listed in the National Register of Historic Places. It played a major role in the development of the stage line transportation network in California. The hotel was also the first business venture in the Conejo Valley.</p><br>
<p>Today, the inn is owned by the Conejo Recreation and Park Department and operated as a historic museum. The museum includes a rebuilt Timber School (originally built in 1889), a carriage house and blacksmith shop, nature trails, and the "Tri-Village", a small group of three houses: the pioneer house, the adobe, and the Chumash "ap". There is also a gift shop located inside the museum. A director and volunteers operate the museum, being members of the Conejo Valley Historical Society (CVHS). There is also a Jr. Docent program for children and teenagers aged 8–18. It is a dominant cultural and educational gathering place for thousands of residents and visitors to Newbury Park.</p><br>
<p>The Stagecoach Inn Museum is allegedly haunted, and is considered one of California&#39;s most famous haunted places.</p><br>
<h2>Names and owners</h2><br>
<p>The Stagecoach Inn Museum has had a variety of names and owners:</p><br>
<p>1876-1878: James Hammell (Grand Union Hotel and El Grande Hotel)</p><br>
<p>1878-1885: J.B. Redfield (Hammell House)</p><br>
<p>1885-1926 Cecil and Cicelie Haigh (Conejo Hotel at Timberville, later Big Hotel)</p><br>
<p>1926-1957 Simon and Ethel Hays (several, including The Old Hotel and Roadhouse)</p><br>
<p>1957-1964: H. Allen Hays (Conejo Recreation and Park District took over operations in 1964)</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>James Hammell was a carpenter in Santa Barbara who planned to construct a hotel along the stagecoach route from Los Angeles to Santa Barbara. After talking to John Edwards about his plans in the late 19th century, Hammell purchased 4,200 acres of land from Edwards. Near what is now Highway 101 and Ventu Park Road is where Hammell first began constructing the hotel. The Grand Union Hotel was constructed in 1876 and was originally planned as a stopover for travelers between Los Angeles and Santa Barbara. It was constructed using redwood brought by sea from Northern California. When it arrived in Port Hueneme, it was moved by multiteam wagons up the Conejo Grade.</p><br>
<p>One month before the hotels grand opening, the Coast Line Stage Company changed its route, eliminating Conejo Valley, which meant an end to Hammells prospects of a mainline stage stop. Hammell did not cancel his plans, but instead opened the hotel in August 1876 although planned for July 4th. It was publicized as a "health and pleasure resort". A countywide newspaper reported: "Shooting, fishing, bathing, and a first-rate table are among the good things on hand for visitors."</p><br>
<p>Following the drought of 1877-78 James Hammell no longer owned the hotel. After passing through several owners, it was purchased in 1885 by Cecil Haigh, an Englishman. His grandson, H. Allen Hays gave the building and about four acres of land at the present location to the CVHS, who later deeded the property to the Conejo Recreation and Park District in return for a 50-year renewable lease to operate the facilities for cultural and educational purposes. In the 1960s, the hotel was threatened with demolition by the expansion of the Ventura Freeway, but it was granted Historical Landmark status and moved to its present location in 1966. On April 25, 1970, a fire destroyed the museum and its contents. The reconstructed museum was dedicated and opened on July 4, 1976; the second floor was not completed until 1980. The structure was rebuilt using the original Monterey-style architecture.</p><br>
<h2>Historic designation</h2><br>
<p>The Stagecoach Inn Museum was designated Ventura County Historic Landmark No. 30 in 1976 and designated California Historical Landmark No. 659 and also placed on the USA National Register of Historic Places in 1975. It is City of Thousand Oaks Historical Landmark No. 1.</p><br>
<p>Also on the museum grounds is Timber School, a reproduction of the 1889 school.</p><br>
<p>On July 13, 2004, the Thousand Oaks City Council voted unanimously to declare the 1924 Timber School on Newbury Road City Landmark No. 12.</p><br>
<h3>Historic sycamore tree</h3><br>
<p>On the museum grounds, near the Tri-Village Complex, is a historic 250+ year old sycamore tree. The tree was designated Ventura County Landmark No. 44 in June 1978, due to its "great age, size, and formation." The tree is also designated Thousand Oaks City Landmark No. 2. Furthermore, General John C. Frémont passed by this tree in 1846 on his way to sign a treaty with General Andrés Pico to secure California&#39;s annexation to the USA The Chumash Indians are said to have bent the lower branches to mark the location of underground water.</p><br>
<h2>Exhibits</h2><br>
<p>The museum is home to permanent exhibits such as the Carriage House, Blacksmith Shop, Anderson Exhibit Hall, Tri-Village and Timber School. The Tri-Village represents three historic eras in the Conejo Valley: the Newbury Pioneer House, a Spanish Adobe and a reconstructed Chumash village. The exhibits are changing routinely. Temporary exhibits as of July 2018 includes Jungleland USA, vintage dresses, and fossils of the Conejo Valley.</p><br>
<p>Minerals, shells, gramophones, irons, laundry tools and fossils have been on display here. Chumash pictographs have also been on display here.</p><br>
<p>Stagecoach Inn Museum: The main part of the museum is the reconstructed 1876 hotel. Items on display relate to local history, American history and the Victorian era. Upstairs are the private family and travelers wings. Certain rooms function as changing exhibit areas, while other rooms are displayed as they might have looked at the time of the hotels operation. The Emporium, a gift shop, is also located on the main floor.</p><br>
<p>Anderson Exhibit Hall: The lower level of the hotel is accessed from a separate door, and is home to permanent displays of Chumash artifacts as well as items pertaining to the local natural history and archaeology. This exhibit also houses fossils.</p><br>
<p>Nature Trails: Two 0.5-mile (0.8 km) paths begin at the bridge behind the Inn and end in the Tri-Village. One path follows a stream in an oak tree forest where various native plants can be seen along the trail. The trails lead to the Tri-Village Complex.</p><br>
<p>Tri-Village Complex: The complex features three structures to show various historic periods in which groups inhabited the Conejo Valley. Native Americans are represented by a reconstructed Chumash house, known as an "ap". Mexican vaqueros are represented by an adobe house with a beehive oven. The early American pioneers built wooden houses such as the rebuilt Egbert Starr Newbury house of 1874. Furthermore, the Tri-Village is also home of 250-plus year old Sycamore tree.</p><br>
<p>Timber School: Reconstructed 1889 schoolhouse, which originally was located near the corner of Newbury and Kelley Roads.</p><br>
<p>Carriage House and Blacksmith Shop: A carriage house, windmill and blacksmith shop are also found on the premises. The Carriage House contains an authentic 19th century stagecoach, tools and farm and broom-making implements. The blacksmith shop operates with antique tools from local ranches.</p><br>
<p>Heritage Rose Garden contains over 35 species of heirloom roses dating from 1752. A memorial brick path winds through the garden.</p><br>
<h2>Stagecoach Inn Museum Park</h2><br>
<p>Stagecoach Inn Museum Park sits adjacent to the Stagecoach Inn Museum, located at the corner of Lynn and Ventu Park Roads. The park was acquired by the Conejo Recreation & Park District in 1968, and later developed into a neighborhood park in 1985. A creek runs through the park on one edge. The park has a playground, picnic tables, barbecue grills and an outdoor basketball court.</p><br>
<p>The Rosewood Trail to the 1,603 ft. peak Angel Vista in the Santa Monica Mountains can be reached from the park. Hikers may park at the park and access the Rosewood Trail from its trailhead immediately across Lynn Road from the Stagecoach Inn Museum Park.</p><br>
<h2>Conejo Valley Historical Society</h2><br>
<p>The Conejo Valley Historical Society was established on October 9, 1964, as an effort to save the Stagecoach Inn from potential demolition due to expansion of the Ventura Freeway. Its members were able to save the structure and was also successful in having it declared California State Landmark No. 659. H. Allen Hays, the grandson of Cecil and Cicelie Haigh, donated the building and approximately four acres of land to the Conejo Valley Historical Society. The society deeded the site to the Conejo Recreation and Park District (CRPD) in return for a renewable lease to operate and manage the complex for cultural and educational purposes. The society helped prepare it as a museum after the 1966 move, and the society made immediate plans for rebuilding the structure after the April 1970 fire.</p><br>
<p>The Conejo Valley Historical Society frequently holds meetings and events at the Stagecoach Inn Museum.</p><br>
<p>Maria Lanakila Catholic Church is a parish of the Catholic Church of Hawaii in the United States. Located in Lahaina on the island of Maui, the church falls under the jurisdiction of the Diocese of Honolulu and its bishop. The parish has a mission in Kapalua under the title of the Sacred Hearts of Jesus and Mary. Maria Lanakila means "Victorious Mary", the Hawaiian language equivalent to the English language epithet "Our Lady of Victory", which refers to the Blessed Virgin Mary.</p><br>
<p>The first Catholic priests arrived on Maui on April 21, 1846. The pastor was Fr. Aubert Bouillon of the Congregation of the Sacred Hearts of Jesus and Mary. A temporary church was built on the site, with a new structure dedicated September 8, 1858. In 1927–1928 a concrete church was built on the original foundation. The pastor as of 2020 was Missionaries of Faith Father Kuriakose Nadooparambil. The church was a contributing property of the Lahaina Historic District, designated a National Historic Landmark District on December 29, 1962. It is located at 712 Wainee Street.</p><br>
<p>The church appeared in the ABC television series Hart to Hart ("Harts and Palms," Season 3, Episode 14).</p><br>
<h2>Spared Destruction</h2><br>
<p>In August 2023, the church was damaged by the 2023 Hawaii wildfires. Though initial reports indicated the church was lost completely, Monsignor Terrence Watanabe of St. Anthony Catholic Church in Wailiku noted that the church and rectory were still standing after the fire.</p><br>
<p>The Louis Penfield House is a house built by Frank Lloyd Wright, located in the Cleveland suburb of Willoughby Hills. It is one of Wright&#39;s nine Usonian homes in Ohio.</p><br>
<p>Louis Penfield, a painter and acquaintance of Wright, commissioned the architect to design a house that would accommodate his 6 ft frame. This house, then, built in 1955, is unique in its high doorways, as Wright preferred low entryways.</p><br>
<p>Notably long and thin in comparison to an average home, the house has a "floating staircase" supported by ceiling beams, a bottleneck entryway, and several walls made almost entirely of windows, one of which gives a panoramic view of the outside. The house&#39;s basic color scheme centers on red-stained wood and ochre walls.</p><br>
<p>Some years after Louis died, the family moved out, and maintained it as a rental property for five years. The Penfield house was restored over a period of four years by Paul Penfield, son of Louis, at a cost of some $100,000 USD. Since 2003, the Louis Penfield House has been one of a few Wright-designed homes where guests can spend the night.</p><br>
<p>Fort Loudoun was a British fort located in what is now Monroe County, Tennessee. Constructed from 1756 until 1757 to help garner Cherokee support for the British at the outset of the French and Indian War, the fort was one of the first significant British outposts west of the Appalachian Mountains. The fort was designed by John William Gerard de Brahm, while its construction was supervised by Captain Raymond Demeré; the forts garrison was commanded by Demerés brother, Paul Demeré. It was named for the Earl of Loudoun, the commander of British forces in North America at the time.</p><br>
<p>Relations between the garrison of Fort Loudoun and the local Cherokee inhabitants were initially cordial but soured in 1758 with hostilities between Cherokee fighters and Anglo-American settlers on the frontier in Virginia and South Carolina. After 16 Cherokee chiefs who were being held hostage at Fort Prince George were killed by the garrison on February 16, the Cherokee laid siege to Fort Loudoun in March 1760. The forts garrison held out for several months, but diminishing supplies forced its surrender in August 1760. Hostile Cherokees attacked the forts garrison at camp during its return to South Carolina, killing more than two dozen and taking most of the survivors prisoner. Many of them were ransomed.</p><br>
<p>In retaliation, James Grant led a British expedition against the Middle Towns in North Carolina and Lower Towns in South Carolina. After the Cherokee sued for peace, a peace expedition was made to the Overhill country by Henry Timberlake.</p><br>
<p>Based on the detailed descriptions of the fort&#39;s design by De Brahm and Demeré, and excavations conducted by the Works Progress Administration, the facility was reconstructed in the 1930s. Additional work was supported by the Fort Loudoun Association and the Tennessee Division of Archaeology in the 1970s and 1980s. The fort was designated as a National Historic Landmark in 1965. It was moved and reconstructed above the water levels of Tellico Lake, created in 1979. It is now the focus of Fort Loudoun State Historic Park.</p><br>
<h2>Background</h2><br>
<p>As early as 1708, British officials had discussed building a fort in Cherokee territory. The Province of South Carolina considered trade with the Cherokee crucial but had struggled to regulate it because of the remoteness of most Cherokee towns, which were primarily in river valleys within the Appalachian Mountains of North and South Carolina, as well as the Province of Georgia. As British traders had frequently exploited the Cherokee, many of the Cherokee leaders had developed anti-British sentiments. The British believed that a fort and garrison would enable them to regulate the trade.</p><br>
<p>Support for the fort increased considerably in 1743, with the appointment of James Glen as South Carolinas governor. Glen believed such a fort could also be a stepping stone to expand British control into the interior of the North American continent, where France had some colonies along the Mississippi and Ohio tributaries in Illinois Country, and south in New Orleans and along the Gulf Coast. The fort had some support among British officials, as it was the height of King Georges War (1744&ndash;1748), and the French were threatening to expand into the area from their base at Fort Toulouse (in modern central Alabama). While many of the Cherokee in the Carolinas were initially cold to the idea, the Overhill Cherokee (i.e., the Cherokee living on the western side of the Appalachian Mountains, in what is now Tennessee), who had been suffering attacks from French-backed rival tribes, invited South Carolina to build the fort in 1747. Support for the fort faded at the end of the war, however.</p><br>
<p>The outbreak in 1754 of the French and Indian War (the North American theater of the Seven Years&#39; War between France and Great Britain) revived British interest in the fort. The Cherokee were still allies of the British, but French influence within the tribe had grown considerably. A faction of the tribe based at Great Tellico had switched its support to the French. The Cherokee towns were highly decentralized, and their chiefs made independent alliances.</p><br>
<p>The British Crown provided the Virginia Governor Robert Dinwiddie with funds to construct a fort, but Dinwiddie gave an insignificant amount to Governor Glen for this purpose and spent most of the remainder on the Braddock Expedition in 1755. After this expedition ended in disaster, Dinwiddie turned to the Cherokee for assistance in defending Virginia&#39;s frontier. The Cherokee agreed to provide 600 warriors, and in return, Virginia and South Carolina would construct a fort in the west to protect Cherokee families while the men were away fighting.</p><br>
<h2>Construction</h2><br>
<p>The construction of the fort was to be a joint effort by Virginia and South Carolina. The party from South Carolina was hampered by bureaucratic delays, however, and the Virginians, led by Major Andrew Lewis, reached the Cherokee "mother town" of Chota in the Little Tennessee River valley on June 28, 1756, several weeks ahead of the party from the other colony. Rather than wait, Lewiss party began work on a fort across the Little Tennessee River from Chota. This structure, known as the "Virginia Fort", was square in shape, measuring 105 ft on each side, with walls consisting of earthen embankments topped by a 7 ft palisade. Lewiss orders were simply to construct the fort, so after its completion in early August 1756, the Virginians returned home.</p><br>
<p>Although Governor Glens political foes ousted him in May 1756, his successor, William Henry Lyttelton, was committed to the forts completion. An advance party led by William Gibbs crossed the mountains and arrived at Great Hiwassee in early August. They reached Tomotley on August 6, 1756, where Gibbs stayed in the home of Cherokee Chief Attakullakulla.</p><br>
<p>The main body, consisting of 80 British regulars commanded by Captain Raymond Demeré and two provincial companies of 60 men each, departed from Fort Prince George on the South Carolina frontier on September 21, 1756. Accompanied by 60 pack horses, the group made the roughly 100 mi trek in ten days, arriving in Tomotley on October 1. They were greeted by Cherokee leader Old Hop and 200 Indians. The task of moving the fort&#39;s 300 lb cannons over the mountains was accomplished by a contractor named John Elliott. John Stuart, an officer who had accompanied the garrison, negotiated a purchase of corn from the Cherokee that helped the garrison avoid starvation.</p><br>
<p>John William Gerard de Brahm, a German-born engineer who had overseen the repair of the fortifications of Charleston, was tasked with designing the fort. De Brahm and Demeré argued over the fort&#39;s location and design. Demeré favored a site selected earlier that year by a scout named John Pearson, but De Brahm rejected the site as too exposed. He favored a site further upstream that offered a commanding view of the river, but Demeré disagreed, saying the site lacked suitable land for the garrison to grow crops. Demeré reported that De Brahm, incensed, took out his pistol and offered it to Demeré to shoot him in the head. The two eventually agreed on the current site of the fort, near the confluence with the Tellico River, as a compromise.</p><br>
<p>Construction of the fort began on October 5, 1756. De Brahm&#39;s design was more elaborate than a typical frontier fort. It was diamond-shaped with bastions at the corners, each of which contained three cannons. As the fort was built on a hill slope, two of the bastions were atop the hill and two were closer to the bottom, with the walls sloping downward. The bastions were named for the King George II, the Queen of Great Britain, the Prince of Wales, and the Duke of Cumberland. The walls were 300 ft in length and surrounded by a ditch a yard deep and 10 ft wide, which was planted with a honey locust hedge.</p><br>
<p>Throughout November and December 1756, Demeré and De Brahm continued to squabble over the forts design. Demeré disliked De Brahms original design for outer and inner palisades and thought De Brahm&#39;s plans for two smaller auxiliary fortresses near the river were too complex. The two also disagreed on whether or not to discharge the provincials. De Brahm argued that the construction work was nearly complete and the provincials no longer needed, and Demeré disagreed, stating the fort was still uninhabitable. On December 24, 1756, De Brahm, stating the fort was essentially finished, abruptly left for South Carolina, drawing a strong rebuke from Demeré. The nonplussed Cherokees referred to De Brahm as "the warrior who ran away in the night."</p><br>
<p>After De Brahms departure, Demeré abandoned the original palisade design in favor of a single, more permanent palisade. The walls of the palisade consisted of 15 ft upright logs, 8 ft of which extended from the ground at a 15-degree angle. The interior of the fort covered approximately 2 acre and included a powder magazine, a blacksmith shop, barracks and officers quarters, and supply buildings. The garrison built drains, troughs for salting beef, a meathouse, and a charcoal pit for the blacksmith. The walls and bastions were completed by March 26, 1757. Demeré reported the fort completed on May 30, 1757. Governor Lyttelton named the fort after John Campbell, 4th Earl of Loudoun, who had recently been appointed commander-in-chief of British forces in North America.</p><br>
<h2>Garrison</h2><br>
<p>After reporting the fort completed, Demeré requested a replacement, saying that he had fallen ill. On August 6, 1757, his brother, Paul Demeré, arrived to relieve him, accompanied by reinforcements. By November 1757, the garrison had completed a guardhouse and several storage buildings. A personal house for Demeré was completed by early 1758, and the fort&#39;s well was completed by June 1758. During the same period, the garrison planted 700 acre of crops.</p><br>
<p>Life at the fort was generally routine. A changing of the guard took place several times per day. At night, five guard dogs roamed the forts exterior. The forts blacksmith spent much of his time mending Cherokee guns and tools. The garrison provided most of its own food through hunting, fishing and farming. Some food was acquired from the Cherokee (and some soldiers had Cherokee wives). Sixty women and children, dependents of the soldiers, lived in the fort.</p><br>
<p>In June 1757, a 36-man contingent of the garrison, led by Lieutenant James Adamson and Ensign Richard Coytmore, attacked a band of hostile Indians who were threatening the Cherokee at Great Tellico. Three of the intruders were killed, and the rest were driven out. In September 1757, Paul Demeré attended the Cherokees Green Corn Dance and spent the subsequent months encouraging the Cherokee to launch attacks against the French and their Indian allies. He convinced a number of Cherokee, including Attakullakulla, to join the Forbes Expedition against Fort Duquesne in 1758 (Attakullakulla abandoned the expedition in disgust over Forbes delays).</p><br>
<p>William Richardson, a Presbyterian missionary (and uncle of future North Carolina Governor William Richardson Davie), arrived at Fort Loudoun in late 1758. He baptized a child of one of the soldiers and delivered sermons on Christmas Eve and Christmas Day. He reported the Little Tennessee River had frozen over on December 19 and noted a persistent rumor of an impending French attack. Richardson said that the Cherokee were heavy drinkers who were not interested in his message about the Gospel. Frustrated, he left the fort on February 6, 1759.</p><br>
<h2>Anglo-Cherokee War</h2><br>
<p>Relations between the Cherokee and the British began to decline in late 1758. During the Forbes Expedition, a group of Cherokee warriors, who had been tasked with fighting northern Indians who were allied with the French, scalped and killed one or more white settlers. They paraded the scalps before the British, deceptively claiming they belonged to their enemies in order to receive a promised bounty. Suspicious, the British soldiers disarmed Attakullakulla and other warriors, none of whom had been involved, and briefly detained them. Although Virginia Lieutenant Governor Francis Fauquier managed to placate Attakullakulla, some Cherokee warriors, still bitter over this treatment, raided Virginia&#39;s frontier settlements while returning to the Tennessee Valley. In response, the settlers killed several Cherokee, and the situation quickly spiraled out of control. In April 1759, Moytoy of Citico led a raid into Virginia that killed several settlers. Both Demeré and Attakullakulla demanded the surrender of some of those responsible, but no Cherokee were given up.</p><br>
<p>Fearing the situation would dissolve into open warfare, Governor Lyttelton placed an embargo on the sale of guns and ammunition to the Cherokee in August 1759. Several Cherokee, especially in Great Tellico and Citico, began turning to the French for weapons. In early September, a soldier from Fort Loudoun, an English merchant and British parkhorseman were killed and their scalps exchanged for French ammunition.</p><br>
<p>After Demeré reported that the Cherokee were blocking roads into the Overhill country, Lyttelton began making preparations to march against the Cherokee in October 1759. At this time, a Cherokee delegation led by Oconostota arrived in Charleston to sue for peace. Skeptical of their intentions, Lyttelton ordered them held prisoner (ostensibly for their protection). He departed for Fort Prince George with 1,700 troops and the Cherokee captives, arriving on December 9, 1759. Shortly after his arrival, he negotiated a peace treaty with Attakullakulla, freeing Oconostota and several other Cherokee captives. He promised to release the remaining captives when the Cherokee who had killed white settlers were turned over.</p><br>
<p>Oconostota and Attakullakulla returned to Fort Prince George in February 1760 to demand the release of the remaining hostages, but Richard Coytmore (who had replaced Lachlan McIntosh as commander of Fort Prince George&#39;s garrison) refused. On February 16 Oconostota requested a meeting with Coytmore. When Coytmore arrived at the meeting outside the fort, he was mortally wounded in an ambush orchestrated by Oconostota. The new commander ordered the hostages moved, which resulted in the panicked garrison killing them when a confrontation developed.</p><br>
<h3>Siege</h3><br>
<p>Because of rising tensions, Demeré had begun preparing Fort Loudoun for a siege in September 1759. On September 9, after the Cherokee tried to drive away the forts cattle, Demeré ordered the cattle to be brought inside the fort, where they were butchered and their meat salted for preservation. In November John Stuart arrived with 70 reinforcements, increasing the forts garrison to 200. In January 1760, Demeré reported the fort had stockpiled enough meat for four months and enough corn for several weeks.</p><br>
<p>Outraged by the killings at Fort Prince George, the Cherokee, led by Standing Turkey and Willenawah, launched an attack against Fort Loudoun on March 20, 1760. The fort&#39;s cannons prevented them from getting close enough to inflict serious damage, however, and after firing on the fort for four days, the Cherokee settled in for a long siege. In June 1760, a force of 1,300 British regulars led by Archibald Montgomerie destroyed several of the Lower Towns in South Carolina and invaded the Middle Towns in North Carolina, but after encountering stiff opposition at Etchoe Pass the force retreated to Charleston. During the same period, a force led by William Byrd III marched down the Holston River valley from Virginia with plans to relieve the fort, but their progress was very gradual.</p><br>
<p>Attakullakulla, who remained on good terms with the garrison, was expelled from the Council at Chota for warning the garrison that Oconostota had planned a ruse to lure them out of the fort. In early June 1760, Demeré reduced the rations to one quart of corn for three men. In early July, the garrison ran out of bread and was forced to subsist on horse meat. A dispatch in late July described the condition of the forts garrison as "miserable beyond description." News of Montgomeries retreat further demoralized the garrison, and men began deserting. On August 6 Demeré called a council of war, which determined it was "impracticable to hold out any longer." Stuart and James Adamson met with Oconostota and Standing Turkey at Chota to negotiate the fort&#39;s surrender. The fort, its cannon, and gunpowder would be turned over to the Cherokee, while the soldiers would be allowed to keep their personal arms and baggage.</p><br>
<p>The flag was lowered at the fort for the final time on August 8, 1760, and the garrison set out for Fort Prince George the following day. They camped for the night at the mouth of Cane Creek, along the Tellico River near modern Tellico Plains. On the morning of August 10, some 700 Cherokee suddenly attacked the camp. The garrison briefly returned fire before surrendering. In the melee, three officers, twenty-three privates, and three women were killed. Demeré was reportedly forced to dance and had dirt stuffed in his mouth before he was executed. Stuart, the only officer to survive the assault, was ransomed by Attakullakulla. The remaining garrison and their families were taken captive. Most were ransomed in the ensuing months.</p><br>
<p>Prior to leaving the fort, the garrison had buried several bags of gunpowder (in violation of the terms of surrender). This action has been suggested as a possible motive for the Cherokee attack at Cane Creek. But John Stevens, a member of the fort&#39;s garrison who survived the attack, suggested the Cherokee had planned the attack all along.</p><br>
<h2>Aftermath and later history</h2><br>
<p>After receiving news of the fort&#39;s capture, Governor Kerlerec of Louisiana dispatched French ships into the interior in an attempt to occupy the fort, but the ships were unable to navigate up the Tennessee River. Seeing their position as untenable, the Cherokee negotiated a peace treaty with Grant, which was signed on September 23, 1761.</p><br>
<p>In November, Old Hop negotiated a peace treaty with Byrds men at Long Island of the Holston. Henry Timberlake and Thomas Sumter, soldiers in Byrds expedition, visited the Overhill towns in 1761–62 as part of a peace mission. In his Memoirs, Timberlake noted that Fort Loudoun was in ruins.</p><br>
<p>Settlers may have used salvaged stones from Fort Loudoun to construct the Tellico Blockhouse in the 1790s, an outpost located across the river from the fort. Louis Phillipe, the future King of France, visited the blockhouse while in exile in the United States in 1797 and noted that Fort Loudoun was mostly rubble and brush. He suggested the site of the fort had been poorly selected. After the Cherokee relinquished control of the area with the signing of the Calhoun Treaty in 1819, ownership of the fort&#39;s ruins changed hands several times.</p><br>
<p>Historian P.M. Radford published an article about the fort, Old Fort Loudoun, in 1897 and notes that all traces of the fort, with the exception of the well, had disappeared. The following year, author Mary Noailles Murfree published a novel about the fort, The Story of Old Fort Loudon, which includes several drawings by illustrator Ernest Peixotto. The Colonial Dames of America placed a marker at the site of the fort in 1917. In a 1925 article, "Fort Loudoun on the Little Tennessee," historian Philip Hamer suggests the fort&#39;s earthworks were still discernible.</p><br>
<h2>Archaeological work and reconstruction</h2><br>
<p>The Fort Loudoun Association and the Works Progress Administration launched the "Fort Loudoun Restoration Project" in September 1935, with plans to reconstruct the fort based on historical and archaeological research. Excavations at the site, which began in February 1936, were supervised by Hobart S. Cooper. Cooper was advised by archaeologists William S. Webb and Thomas M.N. Lewis. Historians Samuel Cole Williams, Philip Hamer, and Mary Rothrock provided historical research, and the USA Army Corps of Engineers provided engineering advice. These excavations determined the locations of the inner and outer palisades, the powder magazine, and the chimney bases of several structures.</p><br>
<p>Beginning in 1955, a series of minor excavations were conducted by Ellsworth Brown, Director of the Fort Loudoun Association. These excavations attempted to determine the location of the forts flagstaff, and explored a structure in the northern part of the fort thought to be Paul Demerés quarters. Brown conducted further excavations in 1957 to explore the fort&#39;s eastern ("Rivergate") entrance.</p><br>
<p>The Fort Loudoun Association was one of several groups that opposed the Tennessee Valley Authoritys proposed Tellico Dam at the mouth of the Little Tennessee River in the 1960s, as the fort would be flooded by the dams reservoir. At a contentious public meeting on the proposed dam in 1964, judge Sue K. Hicks, the Fort Loudoun Association&#39;s president, engaged in a verbal confrontation with TVA Chairman Aubrey Wagner. TVA eventually agreed to fund the raising of land and reconstruction of the fort on the site, above the water level. Because the flooding would submerge known historic and prehistoric sites, including several Cherokee towns, the agency funded a survey and extensive archaeological excavations in the valley.</p><br>
<p>The most extensive excavations were conducted from May 1975 through August 1976 and were led by Carl Kuttruff of the Tennessee Division of Archaeology. Approximately 93% of the fort&#39;s interior was investigated by hand excavation during this period. Researchers also investigated the area south of the fort, uncovering artifacts from the Archaic (7500 BC), Woodland, and Southern Appalachia Mississippian culture (1000-1500CE) periods. In addition they recovered items related to the historic Cherokee village of Tuskegee. It developed south of the fort in the late 1750s, but there was also an earlier site nearby known as Old Taskagi.</p><br>
<p>TVA provided 250,000 cubic yards of landfill to raise the site of the fort 8 m, bringing it above the reservoirs operating levels. Care was taken to preserve the original terrain and hillslope. Shortly after this was completed, the palisade, powder magazine, blacksmith shop, two troops quarters, a temporary barracks, a storehouse, one of the gun platforms, and a Cherokee house (representing Tuskegee) were reconstructed there. Artifacts from the excavations were placed on display inside the visitors center.</p><br>
<p>The location and purpose of several structures were determined through a combination of archaeological and historical work. A map of the fort drawn by De Brahm suggested the powder magazine was located in the northwest corner of the fort. It was in this area that excavators discovered evidence of the only structure in the fort built with stone walls, consistent with the design of contemporary powder magazines. Excavators uncovered what was likely an ash pit from a forge in the southeast corner of the fort, where De Brahm indicated the forts blacksmith shop was located. A 1757 letter from Demeré indicated the forts guardhouse had a double chimney. Excavators noted the only structure in the fort with a double chimney was an elongate building adjacent to the east gate, a position consistent with guardhouse placement at the time. A string of hearths in the western section of the fort indicated the location of the fort&#39;s barracks.</p><br>
<h2>State park and vicinity</h2><br>
<p>The Fort Loudoun Association turned over ownership of the fort to the state in 1978 for establishment of a state park. Fort Loudoun is now situated on an island created by Tellico Lake at the junction of the Little Tennessee and Tellico rivers. State Route 360 (Unicoi Turnpike) passes across the island, connecting the state park to Vonore to the north and the rural areas of Monroe County and the Cherokee National Forest to the south. The park&#39;s visitor center, which stands adjacent to the fort, contains a small museum with a model of the fort and several artifacts from the various excavations. Several miles of hiking trails meander through the woods around the fort, as well as in the McGhee-Carson Unit across the lake to the south.</p><br>
<p>The Cherokee scholar Sequoyah was born at Tuskegee, just south of the fort, circa 1770. The Sequoyah Birthplace Museum, which is operated by the federally recognized Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians, stands just west of the fort, on the other side of Highway 360. The museum includes a burial mound containing over 200 burials excavated during the Tellico Archaeological Project. This had investigated several Cherokee town sites in anticipation of the flooding of the valley by Tellico Dam. Monuments to the Overhill towns of Tanasi and Chota, the "mother town" of the mid to late 18th century, are located along Bacon Ferry Road, just off Highway 360 about 12 mi south of Fort Loudoun.</p><br>
<p>The site of the Tellico Blockhouse is located across the Little Tennessee River to the east of Fort Loudoun. The blockhouse and its associated structures were uncovered by researchers during the Tellico Archaeological Project and are now marked by wooden posts and stones. Several artifacts excavated from the blockhouse site are on display at the Fort Loudoun visitor center.</p><br>
<h2>Legacy</h2><br>
<p>Loudon County, Tennessee, and its county seat, Loudon, are both named for the fort (Loudon County borders Monroe County to the north). The Tennessee Valley Authority&#39;s Fort Loudoun Dam, which stands to the north in Lenoir City, and its associated lake are also named for the fort. Other entities named for the fort include Fort Loudoun Electric Cooperative, a local electricity distributor; Fort Loudoun Medical Center in Lenoir City, and Fort Loudoun Middle School in Loudon.</p><br>
<p>The Hermann Heights Monument is a statue erected in New Ulm, Minnesota, United States. The statue depicts Arminius , an ancient Cheruscan, but locals refer to the statue as Hermann the German. The only National Register of Historic Places property of its kind in Minnesota, the monument is a remembrance of the German ancestry of many Minnesotans. Visitors to the statue can climb the spiral staircase to an observation platform at the base of the statue, which commands a view of the town and the Minnesota River Valley below.</p><br>
<h2>Significance</h2><br>
<p>This statue commemorates the German victory over the Romans at the Battle of the Teutoburg Forest, a symbol of German patriotism.</p><br>
<p>While Arminius had been known in Germany since the rediscovery of the writings of Tacitus in the 15th century, German Protestant intellectuals in the first half of the 18th century christened him "Hermann Deutsch" and promoted his status from that of a local tribal leader with family ties to Rome to that of a hero of Alemmani resistance to "Roman" (i.e. Papal) authority; the 19th century added another layer of meaning, namely Pan-German unity and resistance to Revolutionary France and her language. As depicted in this statue, Hermann&#39;s eastward gaze and upraised sword signify freedom from Rome. Perhaps not coincidentally, a statue of St. Paul atop the nearby Roman Catholic Cathedral of the Holy Trinity also gazes eastward, with his sword point-down, planted firmly in the ground.</p><br>
<h2>Characteristics</h2><br>
<p>The Hermann Monument has a total height of approximately 102 ft. Constructed of sheet copper molded over iron, the 27 ft statue stands on a 70 ft iron column encircled by a spiral staircase to the dome, which is supported by 10 iron columns and a Kasota stone base.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Following the completion of the similarly commemorative Hermannsdenkmal statue in Detmold, Germany, in 1875, the Germanic-American fraternal order of the Sons of Hermann, under the leadership of Julius Berndt, who headed the New Ulm chapter and was then national secretary of the order, paid for the erection of the American monument. Berndt designed the monument setting, for which the cornerstone was laid in 1888. The statue was created by Alfonz Pelzer of the W. H. Mullins Manufacturing Company in Salem, Ohio and shipped to New Ulm. It arrived in 1890 and was dedicated in 1897. Structural and cosmetic restoration projects were carried out in 1998 and again in 2004.</p><br>
<p>The Hermann Heights Monument was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1973. It is the third largest copper statue in the United States after the Statue of Liberty and Portlandia in Portland, Oregon.</p><br>
<p>The 106th United States Congress (2000) designated the Hermann Monument in New Ulm to be a symbol of all citizens of Germanic heritage.</p><br>
<h2>In popular culture</h2><br>
<p>The legend of Hermann the German inspired a stage play, Hermann the German: The Scandal that Rocked New Ulm!. Co-written by Minneapolis comic Bill Young, the play was a comedy based on the real-life attempt by the city of New Ulm to boost tourism by creating a fictitious legend about a giant cement footprint supposedly made by the legendary Hermann. The play was first staged as part of the 2014 Minnesota Fringe Festival, then ran at the New Ulm Actors Community Theatre later that year.</p><br>
<p>The Sunken Gardens are 4 acres  of well-established botanical gardens, located in the Historic Old Northeast neighborhood of St. Petersburg, Florida, at 1825 4th Street North. The Gardens have existed for more than a century, and are one of the oldest roadside tourist attractions in the United States. The Gardens are now operated by the City of St. Petersburg, and maintained with the help of volunteers. Sunken Gardens are open to the public every day of the week. An admission fee is charged for entrance into the gardens and a yearly membership is also available.</p><br>
<p>Sunken Gardens retains their historical interest as an important example of a 1930s Florida roadside commercial attraction, and is probably the oldest commercial tourist attraction on Florida&#39;s west coast. The Gardens are open to the public for educational programs, tours, and special events, particularly weddings which have taken place for decades on the Wedding Lawn, and in the banquet facilities in the Garden Room overlooking the unique garden setting.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Gardens began in 1903, when plumber and avid gardener George Turner Sr. (1881-1961) purchased six acres of land, including a shallow lake 10 ft below sea level, which he drained to form his private "sunken" garden. Turner started planting papayas and citrus fruits along with other exotic plants on the rich soil surrounding his home. By the 1920s, Turner had opened a nursery and began selling fruits, vegetables, and other plants, and visitors were paying a nickel each to stroll through the gardens. In the fall of 1935, he fenced his garden and started charging an admission fee of 24 cents. The Gardens eventually became widely popular, and from the 1950s through the 1970s were ranked among Floridas top ten commercial attractions. After Turners death in 1961, his sons Ralph and George Jr. continued to run the gardens, which were eventually passed on to Ralph&#39;s three sons. They eventually sold it to the city in 1999 for more than $2.26 million.</p><br>
<h2>Historic building status</h2><br>
<p>The Gardens include a large building originally known as the Sanitary Public Market, first constructed in 1926–27, and designed by architect Albert Lee Hawes. It was a Mediterranean Revival style arcade with twin Moorish towers, cast stone trim, and a tile roof. In 1940, it was converted for use as the Coca-Cola Bottling Company, and restyled in Art Moderne. The Turner family purchased the building in 1967 to create the Worlds Largest Gift Shop and the King of Kings Wax Museum, adding faux lava portions at that time. In 1999, it was purchased by the City of St. Petersburg, along with the adjoining gardens, using a voter-approved tax. The Gardens were designated as a local historic landmark and treated to several years efforts of restoration. On June 27, 2002, the former Sanitary Public Market building was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places, and is now the home of Great Explorations Children&#39;s Museum.</p><br>
<h2>Flora and fauna</h2><br>
<p>The Gardens currently contain over 500 species of tropical and subtropical plants amidst pools and cascading waterfalls, lushly planted in a collection of more than 50,000 tropical plants and flowers. They include a Japanese garden, cactus garden, and butterfly garden, and Chilean flamingos. Plants include bougainvilleas, royal palms, water lilies, shrimp plants, and fruit trees. The garden atmosphere is peaceful and many of the plants are quite large (compared to typical specimens) due to their long history of protection and cultivation.</p><br>
<h3>Chilean flamingos</h3><br>
<p>In 2016, Sunken Gardens acquired a new young flock of 20 flamingos from the San Antonio Zoo. They joined elderly flamingo residents, George and Lucy, the two remaining Chilean flamingos from the original 17 bird flock that have been on exhibit since 1956. The new flamingos were purchased with funds raised by a nonprofit group, Flamingos Forever, composed of volunteers. Additionally, the city purchased a $30,000 nighttime enclosure for the new flock. Flamingos Forever changed their name to Sunken Gardens Forever, after the acquisition of the new flock, and St. Petersburg Mayor Rick Kriseman named May "Sunken Gardens Forever Appreciation Month" in honor of their fundraising efforts.</p><br>
<h3>Parrots</h3><br>
<p>Sunken Gardens also houses 11 parrots. Five macaws, four Amazons, and two cockatoos live in the garden. Additionally, a kookaburra also resides on the premises. All twelve of the birds are rescues and were acquired after their previous owners died or could no longer provide care for them. Bobbie Sue is a yellow-headed amazon who is over 30 years old. There is Mindy, who is a white umbrella cockatoo thats around 30. Coconut, a 20-year-old macaw, was one of the more recent birds acquired by the gardens. There is also Mitch, an 8-year-old Major Mitchells cockatoo. In recent years, staff stated that Mitch has become agreeable and will occasionally play “peekaboo” with staff or visitors.</p><br>
<h2>Programs for lifelong learning</h2><br>
<p>Sunken Gardens offers horticulture and other education programs for children and adults. Examples include "Cameras and Kids" where children learn nature photography skills with their own camera or smartphone, "Propagation Techniques," "Growing Microgreens," "Rain Gardens and Barrels," and "Think Outside the Pot: Mounting Orchids". Programs are often free with membership and are included with paid admission, though some include a fee in addition to standard admission.</p><br>
<h2>Community offerings</h2><br>
<p>Sunken Gardens offers garden tours, horticultural programs, and special events to residents of the community and visitors. Groups visits are allowed as self-guided visits and docent-led tours. The gardens also allow for event rentals of weddings, private parties, seminars, luncheons, retreats, and receptions. Since 1935, Sunken Gardens has allowed weddings on the property.</p><br>
<h2>Sophie & Zack at Sunken Gardens</h2><br>
<p>Sophie & Zack at Sunken Gardens is a children&#39;s book made by Sunken Gardens Forever Foundation, Pop Design Group, and a local illustrator. The book includes images and information about the history, plants, and animals at Sunken Gardens. The book was completed as part of an educational partnership with Pinellas County School System.</p><br>
<p>After the book was completed, Sophie & Zack at Sunken Gardens developed into a project to allow local students to learn about the gardens and visit them. An estimated 1,600 third graders attending 19 local Title-1 schools were initially expected to benefit from this project. Benefits include a story-time of the book by a Sunken Gardens Forever Foundation volunteer at school, each student receiving a copy of Sophie & Zack at Sunken Gardens to take home for free, and then a field trip for the students to visit the gardens. The Sunken Gardens Forever Foundation fully funds the entire project.</p><br>
<h2>Accessibility</h2><br>
<p>The majority of historic paths within the garden are ADA accessible. These paths span three-fourths of a mile. Wheelchairs and walkers are allowed within the gardens but not provided. Some of the paths have a steep incline, but alternate routes are available to access all areas of the gardens. There is also limited seating available throughout the gardens. Only ADA service trained dogs are allowed within Sunken Gardens.</p><br>
<p>The Tyler Davidson Fountain or The Genius of Water is a statue and fountain located in Cincinnati, Ohio. It is regarded as the citys symbol and one of the areas most-visited attractions. It was dedicated in 1871 and is the centerpiece of Fountain Square, a hardscape plaza at the corner of 5th and Vine Streets in the downtown area. It is surrounded by stores, hotels, restaurants and offices. Originally, and for more than 130 years, it was located in the center of 5th Street , immediately west of Walnut Street. In 2006, renovations were undertaken to Fountain Square and the Tyler Davidson Fountain was temporarily removed. When reinstalled it was relocated to a much wider space near the north end of the reconfigured square, closer to the Fifth Third Bank Building and away from street traffic. The fountain is turned off for the winter months and turned on again in time for the first home game of Major League Baseballs Cincinnati Reds.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The 43 ft fountain is cast in bronze and sits on a green granite base. The inscription "To the People of Cincinnati" appears on its base.</p><br>
<p>The artistic fountains motif is water, in homage the river citys continuing debt to the Ohio River. The central figure, the Genius of Water—a female in heroic size—pours down the symbolic longed-for rain from hundreds of jets pierced in her outstretched fingers. The figure is 9 feet high and weighs 2 tons.</p><br>
<p>The pedestal itself is square with four representations in basso-relievo of four principal uses of water; namely, steam, water-power, navigation, and the fisheries. The first is typified by workers in iron using a trip hammer powered by an engine in the background; the second, by peasants carrying corn to a watermill; the third, by a steamboat leaving the shore, lined by numbers waving farewell; the fourth, by groups of fishermen and children.</p><br>
<p>From the center of the pedestal rises a shaft spread at the top with interlaced vines and foliage and about these are four groups. On the north is a workman standing upon a burning roof and imploring the aid of water; at the south is a farmer standing in the midst of a field where are plainly seen the effects of a drought—he too is praying for rain. Upon these two groups the Genius of Water is dropping a gentle spray. At the west a young girl is offering the water to an old man with crutches. On the east side a mother partially nude is leading her naked and reluctant boy to the bath.</p><br>
<p>Four outer figures with animals represent the pleasures of water. These are working drinking fountains from which passersby can drink. On the drinking fountains are figures of nude boys—one riding a dolphin, another playing with ducks, a third struggling with a snake and the fourth on the back of a turtle.</p><br>
<p>The construct is made of approximately 24 ST of cannon bronze purchased from the Danish government and 85 ST of granite.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>After the death of his brother-in-law and business partner Tyler Davidson, Cincinnati businessman Henry Probasco went to Munich, Germany in search of a suitable memorial to him. Many years before, artist August von Kreling had collaborated with Ferdinand von Miller at the Royal Bronze Foundry of Bavaria to design a fountain to rival the great fountains of Europe but which would glorify mankind rather than fanciful creatures and mythic deities. When Miller could find no patron to sponsor the fountain, the designs languished until Probasco came to him with an interest in a similar theme. Probasco requested the addition of four figures with animals that would act as drinking fountains, which Miller&#39;s sons Ferdinand and Fritz designed. The original miniature model is now located in the Cincinnati Art Museum.</p><br>
<p>The fountain was cast in separate sections at the foundry and shipped to Cincinnati for assembly. Probasco requested that the City of Cincinnati remove the dilapidated market along 5th Street between Vine and Walnut Streets for the fountain. In its place an esplanade bisecting 5th Street was built, the designer was architect William Tinsley. Tinsley had also designed the Henry Probasco House in the suburb of Clifton. The esplanade made the fountain easily visible to anyone traveling by. Miller traveled to Cincinnati for the dedication ceremony, which took place on October 6, 1871, it is estimated that 20,000 people were present. Miller and Von Kreling enjoyed a degree of celebrity in the city.</p><br>
<p>The fountain originally faced east, toward Europe, where much of Cincinnati&#39;s population originated. When Fountain Square was redone in 1969, the fountain was realigned to face west. With the newest rendition of Fountain Square, the fountain faces to south since it is on the edge of the square.</p><br>
<p>The fountain was renovated for the first time in 1969 for a celebration of its centennial. The Fountain Square plaza was also redesigned for better traffic flow, and the fountain was moved and turned to face west rather than east. The fountain was turned to face the west because Fifth Street was made into a one way street heading east and drivers would be able to see the front of the statue. Additional repairs and another refurbishing project was undertaken in 1999. In 2005, as part of Fountain Square&#39;s revitalization, the city decided to move the entire fountain to the center of Fountain Square. The estimated cost was approximately $42 million. The city was responsible for $4 million. During the renovation the fountain was on display at the Cincinnati Art Museum.</p><br>
<p>Fountain Square reopened on October 14, 2006, with an elaborate ceremony that included different stages for multiple bands, food, beer and fireworks. The fountain continues to be a backdrop for various cultural events in Cincinnati: movie nights, game shows, and the ice rink which opens in the winter.</p><br>
<p>The fountain is most familiar to non-Cincinnati residents for being featured in the opening credits (at its former location) of the television series WKRP in Cincinnati. It can also be seen in the montage that accompanies the opening narration for the paranormal investigation series Ghost Adventures.</p><br>
<p>The Kennedy Compound consists of three houses on 6 acre of waterfront property in Hyannis Port, Massachusetts on Cape Cod. It was once the home of Joseph P. Kennedy Sr., an American businessman, investor, and diplomat; his wife, Rose; and their nine children, including USA President and Senator John F. Kennedy and USA Senators Robert F. Kennedy and Edward M. Kennedy. As an adult, the youngest son, Edward, lived in his parents&#39; house, and it was his primary residence from 1982 until he died of brain cancer at the compound, in August 2009.</p><br>
<p>Purchased in 1928, the compound became the place that the Kennedy family most associated with home.</p><br>
<p>John F. Kennedy used the compound as a base for his successful 1960 USA presidential campaign and later as a Summer White House and presidential retreat. In 2012, the main house was donated to the Edward M. Kennedy Institute for the United States Senate.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1926, Joseph P. Kennedy Sr. rented a summer cottage at 50 Marchant Avenue in Hyannis Port. Two years later, he purchased the structure, which had been erected in 1904, and enlarged and remodeled it to suit his growing familys needs. In and around this house, their nine children spent their summers and early autumns, acquiring a lifelong interest in sailing and other competitive activities. The Kennedys previously spent their summers at a cottage on Nantasket Beach in Hull, Massachusetts (where Joseph Jr. was born in 1915). In the mid-1920s, the Kennedys explored purchasing a home in Cohasset, Massachusetts, but when Joe Sr. applied for membership at the exclusive Cohasset Country Club, he was blackballed. Historian Doris Kearns Goodwin wrote that in Cohasset, "Irish Catholics were still looked down upon by the reigning Protestant (WASP) establishment." Joe Sr., who had connections with the members at the Hyannisport Golf Club, was accepted in spite of it being another "Yankee stronghold." It was a deciding factor for Joe Sr. to purchase a house in the seaside village. In 1941, the Hyannis Port home became the familys primary (legal) residence.</p><br>
<p>In 1956, John bought a smaller home of his own at 111 Irving Avenue, not far from his father&#39;s home. In 1959, Edward acquired the residence at 28 Marchant Avenue adjacent to the other two, but in 1961 sold it to Robert and his wife Ethel. Edward lived in the main house at the compound until his death.</p><br>
<h2>Layout</h2><br>
<p>All three buildings are white, frame, clapboard structures typical of vacation residences on Cape Cod. Except for specific occasions at the Main House, the buildings are not available for public visitation.</p><br>
<h3>Main house</h3><br>
<p>Joseph Sr.&#39;s home, the Main House and the largest of the three, is surrounded by well-tended lawns and gardens and it commands sweeping views of Nantucket Sound from its long porches.</p><br>
<p>On the main floor are a living room, dining room, sun room, television room, kitchen, various pantries, utility rooms and the bedroom that John used before he purchased his own house in the compound.</p><br>
<p>On the second floor are six bedrooms, a sewing room, packing room, and four servants&#39; bedrooms. The house has a full attic.</p><br>
<p>The basement contains a motion-picture theater and a hall covered with dolls from all around the world. The dolls belonged to Joseph Sr. and were gifted to him from a number of different acquaintances during his time as the 44th US Ambassador to the United Kingdom.</p><br>
<p>The house has changed little, either structurally or in furnishings, since President Kennedy&#39;s association with it.</p><br>
<p>In 2012, the main house was donated by the Kennedy family to the Edward M. Kennedy Institute for the United States Senate. On the grounds are an enclosed swimming pool, tennis court, a four-car garage, and two guest houses.</p><br>
<p>There are two circular driveways with flagpoles standing in the middle, a boathouse and several large stretches of lawn area where many of the family touch football games were played.</p><br>
<p>Other parcels of land that assorted members of the family have purchased remain as well-tended as those of the more prominent homes.</p><br>
<p>Troy Savings Bank Music Hall, is a performance space in Troy, Rensselaer County, New York, United States. The music hall, renowned for its acoustics and an Odell concert organ, is operated by a not-for-profit organization. It was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1989 for its architecture as one of the finest surviving 19th-century auditoriums.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Troy Savings Bank was founded in 1823 and moved to its current location in 1870. In appreciation of the community&#39;s support, the plans for the new building called for a music hall to be built on the upper floors.</p><br>
<p>In the early years of the 20th century the Music Hall featured performances from artists such as Lillian Nordica, Henri Vieuxtemps, Ignace Jan Paderewski, Albert Spalding, Sergei Rachmaninoff, Myra Hess and Jose Iturbi. In the 1930s and 1940s, artists including Vladimir Horowitz, Yehudi Menuhin and Artur Rubinstein played there. It was a usual stop for a musician on a tour around America.</p><br>
<p>Apparently not up to modern building codes, there was long a tradition that prior to each performance the Fire Marshal would come out on stage and announce "There is absolutely no smoking in the Hall. If you have to smoke, you can hit the streets at half time."</p><br>
<p>Following World War II, Troys wealth declined and so did the banks. Many public initiatives were begun to save the bank (and thus the music hall) from closure. Ideas included establishing an industrial and folk art museum downstairs and renting the Hall itself to the area&#39;s many colleges.</p><br>
<p>In 1979, the Troy Savings Bank Music Hall Revitalization Committee was founded by private citizens. With the bank&#39;s support and additional funding from the city and county for its administration, the Troy Savings Bank Music Hall Corporation was founded. A not-for-profit organization which still leases the Hall from the bank, the corporation began its ownership with a performance by the Benny Goodman Band in 1980. A corporate re-structuring and buyout followed, and, in 1999, the Troy Savings Bank converted to a public corporation. On January 16, 2004, First Niagara Financial Group, Inc. acquired Troy Financial Corporation, the holding company for the Troy Savings Bank, and Troy Commercial Bank. In the fall of 2016, First Niagara merged with Key Bank.</p><br>
<p>It is a contributing property to the Central Troy Historic District.</p><br>
<h2>Design</h2><br>
<p>George B. Posts design was selected by default: due to his pioneer work in crafting metal to simulate stone in a buildings superstructure, it was the only estimate to fall within the boards projected budget. A graduate of New York University, Post studied under Richard Morris Hunt in the mid 1800s and soon became a respected architect in New York City. His preference for the Beaux Arts and French Renaissance styles can be seen in the buildings highly detailed decorations. Construction began on the bank&#39;s new property on the corner of State and Second Streets in July 1871.</p><br>
<p>The building was completed in April 1875, at a final cost of $435,000. The result was a massive six story edifice that dominates the surrounding neighborhood. The bank offices comprised about one-third of the first floor; the remainder was rented to area businesses, including at various times an insurance company, the Troy Chamber of Commerce, a bus terminal and a plumbing company. Above this rose the Music Hall: 106 feet long, 69 feet wide and a towering 61 feet high.</p><br>
<p>Original granite stairs running the width of the building introduced concert-goers to the ornate grandeur of the hall. Box offices to the left and right preceded a center stairway, which led to the hall itself. Parquet and Dress Circle seats were, and still are, reached by using the center staircase. Iron staircases on either side guided the way to the upper and lower boxes, the balcony, and the gallery seating areas. The hall&#39;s seating capacity is 1,253, and seating arrangements have never changed. Post designed all of the staircases himself and had them constructed by Architectural Iron Works in New York City.</p><br>
<p>Intricate frescoes, crafted by another New York City firm, G. Garibaldi, decorated the walls about the stage and ceiling. The frescoes above the stage were covered by the addition of a large tracker action organ in October, 1890.</p><br>
<p>Most of the original frescoing is still visible, except for the ceiling, where the replacement of the chandelier in 1930 also involved repair work on the ceiling frescoes. The first chandelier was remarkable, with 14,000 hand-cut French prisms catching the light of 260 gas burners, ignited by a single traveling gas jet. In October 1923, it was converted to electric, and later replaced by the chandelier which hangs there today. The rest of the lighting was converted in 1929, following an accident in December 1928, when a ballerina&#39;s headdress was ignited by a gas lamp in her dressing room. Consequently, the fire marshal ordered the conversion from gas to electric as a safety precaution. The new frescoes, made in 1930, outlined the rim of the ceiling and exhibited the popular Art Deco styling of the late 1920s in the lettering, featuring the names of great classical composers such as J. S. Bach and Haydn. The chandelier has not been modernized, and still must be raised and lowered by a hand crank.</p><br>
<p>The building was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1989.</p><br>
<h2>Organ</h2><br>
<p>The organ at the Troy Savings Bank Music Hall was built in 1882 as Opus 190 of J. H. & C. S. Odell of Yonkers, New York, and originally installed in the home of New York City financier William Belden. The original purchase price of the instrument was $12,470. The Troy Savings Bank purchased the organ from Mr. Belden in 1889 and the instrument was installed in the Music Hall during the months of August through October, 1890. The first notes from the Odell Opus 190 in the Hall were heard on October 20, 1890. The organ was maintained in usable condition until the 1960s, at which point it fell into disrepair.</p><br>
<p>In early 2006, an effort was mounted to restore the organ after decades of neglect. Under the impetus of the Organ Historical Society and under the direction of organ builder S.L Huntington & Co. of Stonington, Connecticut, a crew of volunteers worked over the course of several weeks to restore the organ to playable condition. The instrument was featured during the Organ Historical Society&#39;s 2006 convention.</p><br>
<h2>Acoustics</h2><br>
<p>Factors that contribute to the acoustics include: narrow shoebox form, early sidewall reflections, tall ceiling, seat count of 1180, padded wooden seats, shallow under balcony, thick plaster surfaces, ornamental detailing, organ cove which projects sound. The acoustically sensitive hall is rented for concerts and recordings.</p><br>
<p>The Chicago Cultural Center, opened in 1897, is a Chicago Landmark building operated by Chicagos Department of Cultural Affairs and Special Events. The Cultural Center houses the citys official reception venue, where the Mayor of Chicago has welcomed presidents, royalty, diplomats, and community leaders. It is located in the Loop, across Michigan Avenue from Millennium Park.</p><br>
<p>Originally the main library of the Chicago Public Library, the building was converted in 1978 to an arts and culture center at the instigation of Commissioner of Cultural Affairs Lois Weisberg. The city&#39;s central library is now located across the Loop in the spacious, postmodern-style Harold Washington Library Center, which opened in 1991.</p><br>
<p>As the nations first free municipal cultural center, the Chicago Cultural Center is one of the citys most popular attractions and is considered one of the most comprehensive arts showcases in the United States. Each year, the Chicago Cultural Center features more than 1,000 programs and exhibitions covering a wide range of the performing, visual and literary arts. It also serves as headquarters for the Chicago Children&#39;s Choir.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The building was designed by Boston architectural firm Shepley, Rutan and Coolidge for the city&#39;s central library, and Grand Army of the Republic (GAR) meeting hall and memorial in 1892. The land was donated by the GAR and the building was completed in 1897 at a cost of nearly $2 million (equivalent to $ million in ).</p><br>
<p>It is organized as a four-story north wing (77 East Randolph entrance) and a five-story south wing (78 East Washington entrance), 104 ft tall, with 3 ft masonry walls faced with Bedford Blue Limestone on a granite base. The building is designed in a generally neoclassical style, with Italian Renaissance elements. It is capped with two stained-glass domes, set symmetrically atop the two wings. Key points of architectural interest are as follows:</p><br>
<p>Randolph Street entrance and stairway - Entrance with doric columns, mahogany doors, and entry hall with coffered ceiling and walls of green-veined Vermont marble. The curving stairway is faced with Knoxville pink marble, and features mosaics and ornate bronze balusters.</p><br>
<p>Washington Street entrance, lobby, and grand staircase - Arched portal, bronze-framed doors, and a three-story, vaulted lobby with walls of white Carrara marble and mosaics. The staircase is also of white Carrara marble, set with medallions of green marble from Connemara, Ireland, and intricate mosaics of Favrile glass, stone, and mother of pearl. The stairway to the 5th floor was inspired by Venice&#39;s Bridge of Sighs.</p><br>
<p>Grand Army of the Republic Memorial - A large hall and rotunda in the north wing. The hall is faced with deep green Vermont marble, broken by a series of arches for windows and mahogany doors. The rotunda features 30 ft walls of Knoxville pink marble, mosaic floor, and a fine, stained-glass dome in Renaissance pattern by the firm of Healy and Millet.</p><br>
<p>Sidney R. Yates Gallery - replica of an assembly hall in the Doge&#39;s Palace, Venice, with heavily ornamented pilasters and coffered ceiling.</p><br>
<p>Preston Bradley Hall - A large, ornately patterned room of curving white Carrara marble, capped with an austere 38 ft Tiffany glass dome designed by artist J. A. Holzer. The Cultural Center states this to be the largest Tiffany dome in the world.</p><br>
<h2>Renovation</h2><br>
<p>The Chicago Cultural Center underwent an extensive renovation during 2021–2022 with the goal of unearthing the original beauty of the building. The detailed restoration of the art glass dome and decorative finishes in the Grand Army of the Republic rooms, a Civil War memorial, was made possible by a grant of services valued at over $15 million to the City of Chicago. The Chicago Cultural Center is home to two noteworthy stained glass domes. Chicago-based Harboe Architects was awarded the project.</p><br>
<p>The scope of the project included recreating long-lost light fixtures, cleaning and polishing old marble, restoring mahogany doors, installing new glass, and removing layers of paint in the historic rooms. Also included in the scope was the complete restoration of the 40 ft diameter Tiffany-designed stained glass dome, which had become covered in grime and paint. The dome contains over 60,000 individual pieces of glass. Daprato Rigali Studios of Chicago performed the stained-glass dome restoration.</p><br>
<h2>Past exhibitions</h2><br>
<p>Crossroads: Modernism in Ukraine, 1910–1930 was a display of art by Ukrainian artists, such as Sukher Ber Rybak, Vsevolod Maskymovych, and Oleksandr Bohomazov, to name a few. Crossroads was organized by the Foundation for International Arts and Education with the National Art Museum of Ukraine. It was presented by the Chicago Department of Cultural Affairs and the Kyiv Committee of the Chicago Sister Cities International Program. The exhibition ran from July 22, 2006 until October 15, 2006.</p><br>
<p>Richard Hunt: Sixty Years of Sculpture was a major exhibition of sixty sculptures spanning Hunt&#39;s career. The exhibition drew primarily from his extensive "self-collection", lent to the center for the show. This exhibition ran from December 6, 2014, through March 29, 2015.</p><br>
<h2>"Rush More" mural</h2><br>
<p>In 2017, Kerry James Marshall was commissioned to produce an inaugural mural for a public arts program. The mural entitled "Rush More" is located on the west façade of the cultural center. The piece is an homage to women who have contributed to the culture of Chicago.</p><br>
<p>Portrayed are:</p><br>
<p>Washington painted the mural on a scale rendering of the building. The piece was then transposed to the actual façade by the muralist Jeff Zimmerman. Financing for the project was made possible by the non-profit, Murals of Acceptance and through philanthropic donations from David Arquette, Patricia Arquette, Marc Benioff, and Lynne Benioff.</p><br>
<p>The Edison and Ford Winter Estates contain a historical museum and 21 acre  botanical garden on the adjacent sites of the winter homes of Thomas Edison and Henry Ford beside the Caloosahatchee River in Southwestern Florida. It is located at 2350 McGregor Boulevard, Fort Myers, Florida.</p><br>
<p>On April 18, 2012, the American Institute of Architects&#39; Florida Chapter placed the Edison and Ford Winter Estates on its list of Florida Architecture: 100 Years. 100 Places.</p><br>
<p>The American Chemical Society recognized the Edison Botanical Research Laboratory at the Edison & Ford Winter Estates as a National Historic Chemical Landmark on May 25, 2014.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The present site dates from 1885, when Edison first visited Southwest Florida and purchased the property to build a vacation home. He had traveled down to St. Augustine, Florida during the winter of 1885 at the behest of his doctor, who thought that the warmer climate would help cure an illness that Edison was suffering from. After recuperating in St. Augustine, he ended up traveling first across the state to Cedar Key, and from Cedar Key to Fort Myers. His home, completed in 1886 and later dubbed "Seminole Lodge", served as a winter retreat and place of relaxation until Edisons death in 1931. Edisons good friend, Henry Ford, purchased the adjoining property, "The Mangoes" from Robert Smith of New York in 1916. Ford&#39;s craftsman style bungalow was built in 1911 by Smith. In 1947, Mrs. Mina Edison deeded the Edison property to the City of Fort Myers in memory of her husband for the enjoyment of the public. It was opened for public tours soon after.</p><br>
<p>In 1988, the adjacent Henry Ford winter estate was purchased and opened for public tours in 1990. In 2003, the governance of the site was transferred from the City to a new non-profit corporation, Thomas Edison & Henry Ford Winter Estates, Inc. (dba Edison & Ford Winter Estates, Inc.) whose mission is to protect, preserve and interpret the site. The new corporation completed a $14 million restoration project in the following years. A separate fundraising arm, Edison-Ford Winter Estates Foundation, Inc., was created to assist the restoration project with no function in governance.</p><br>
<h2>Gardens</h2><br>
<p>Edison&#39;s botanical garden contains more than a thousand varieties of plants from around the world, including African Sausage Trees and a 400 ft banyan tree planted in the mid-1920s.</p><br>
<p>The gardens feature plants grown for industrial purposes (such as bamboo, used in light bulb filaments) and those which Mina Edison planted for their beauty, including roses, orchids and bromeliads. The Moonlight Garden was designed by Ellen Biddle Shipman.</p><br>
<p>Before Hurricane Irma the collection included Acalypha hispida, Arenga pinnata, Artocarpus heterophyllus, Billbergia spp., Blighia sapida, Bougainvillea glabra, Bougainvillea spectabilis, Calliandra haematocephala, Cananga odorata, Cattleya hybrid, Cattleya spp., Chorisia speciosa, Citrus spp., Clerodendrum speciosissimum, Cordyline terminalis, Cycad spp., Dendrobium, Dombeya spp., Epidendrum ciliare, Ficus auriculata, Ficus benghalensis, Ficus saussureana, Hibiscus schizopetalus, Holmskioldia sanguinea, Ibosa riparia, Ixora chinensis, Kigelia africana, Leea coccinea, Malvaviscus arboreus, Musa spp., Parmentiera cereifera, Plumbago auriculata, Solandra nitida, Spathoglottis plicata, Tabernaemontana corymbosa, Tecoma stans, Thunbergia erecta, Pleroma semidecandrum (syn. Tibouchina semidecandra), and hundreds more.</p><br>
<h2>Rubber laboratory</h2><br>
<p>From 1914 to 1918 (World War I), Edison became concerned with America&#39;s reliance on foreign supplies of rubber. He partnered with Harvey Firestone and Henry Ford to try to find a rubber tree or plant that could grow quickly in the United States and provide a domestic supply of rubber. In 1927, the three men contributed $25,000 each and created the Edison Botanic Research Corporation in an attempt to find a solution to this problem. In 1928, the Edison Botanic Research Corporation laboratory was constructed. It was in Fort Myers that Edison would do the majority of his research and planting of his exotic plants and trees.</p><br>
<p>After testing over 17,000 plant samples, Edison eventually discovered a source in one of the species of flowering goldenrod, Solidago leavenworthii. Thomas Edison died in 1931 and the rubber project was transferred to the United States Department of Agriculture five years later.</p><br>
<h2>Visitors</h2><br>
<p>Visitors to the Edison and Ford Winter Estates in Fort Myers can view more than of historical buildings and gardens including the 1928 Botanical Laboratory and the Edison Ford Museum. There are also a variety of programs, tours and activities.</p><br>
<p>Edison Ford also offers school and education tours for all ages, an extensive summer camp program, science and engineering class for homeschool students, emerging inventors programs for children ages 18 months – 5 years as well as travel and offsite tour opportunities. Other specialty programs include holiday nights, antique car shows, garden talks and a variety of special events throughout the year. The site can be reserved for events, weddings, corporate functions, meetings and group tours.</p><br>
<p>Edison Ford Winter Estates is a National Register Historic Site and received the Award of Excellence for restoration from both the National Trust for Historic Preservation and the National Garden Clubs, Inc. The site is a Florida Historic Landmark and has been designated as a National Historical Chemical Landmark by the American Chemical Society, the first site in the state of Florida to receive this honor.</p><br>
<p>The Edison and Ford Winter Estates research library and archival materials are also available for viewing by appointment. The research library contains over a thousand books on Fort Myers history and botany, as well as biographies on Thomas Edison and Henry Ford and their families.</p><br>
<p>Open to the public since 1947, Edison Ford Winter Estates receives more than 200,000 visitors annually. Designated as an educational and charitable not-for-profit organization, Edison Ford is governed by a board of trustees, professional staff and a large volunteer group.</p><br>
<p>Blue Spring Heritage Center  is a 33 acre privately owned tourist attraction in the Arkansas Heritage Trails System containing native plants and hardwood trees in a setting of woodlands, meadows, and hillsides. It is located at Highway 62 West, five miles  west of Eureka Springs, Arkansas, and open daily to the public during warmer months for a fee.</p><br>
<p>The spring pours 38 million US gallons (140,000 m³) of water daily into the trout-filled lagoon. Blue Spring has been a tourist attraction since 1948, and is now on the National Register of Historic Places for its archaeological significance as a site occupied between the Early Archaic and the Mississippian periods.</p><br>
<p>Historians from several Indian nations, including the Tsalagi (Cherokee), Osage and Quapaw, say their people have been making journeys to, and living intermittently at Blue Spring for tens of thousands of years. Artifacts excavated at the Blue Spring Shelter support this, as they date back to between 8000 B.C. and A.D. 1500.</p><br>
<h2>Blue Spring Shelter</h2><br>
<p>The American Indian people who lived here in ancient times (10,000 years ago and beyond to 500 B.C.) are known as the ‘Bluff Dwellers’. These indigenous people populated not only the Blue Spring area, but much of the Ozark Mountains. They lived beneath giant bluff shelters such as this one. As most human beings of their time, they hunted, gathered, and planted. Tools, clothes and many other necessary items were made from many native plants and animals available to them. They also traded goods with other Indian nations.</p><br>
<p>Indigenous people who lived here between 500 B.C. and A.D. 900 continued to hunt, gather, plant and trade, though planting gardens had become a more prominent activity. With over 62% of the worlds food having been developed by American Indians, it is no surprise that the Indians of the Ozarks domesticated maygrass, lambs quarter, knotweek, sumpweek, sunflower, squash, and strains of little barley. The bottomlands and terraces of the White River provided fertile garden spots for the indigenous occupants of the Blue Spring Shelter.</p><br>
<p>From A.D. 900 to A.D. 1541, agriculture had become an integral part of many Indian communities in the Ozarks and Arkansas area. They depended mostly on maize, squash and beans. As always, hunting, gathering and trading remained an important part of society. The Blue Spring Shelter continued to be used by Indian people for short and long term camps, and for ceremony.</p><br>
<p>In recent history (1541 to present), Tsalagi (Cherokee) people made a stop at Blue Spring on the “Trail of Tears” during the late 1830s. Indian people continue to spend time at Blue Spring and Blue Spring Shelter. Today, visits and ceremonies by Indian people such as Lenape, Musogee, Cherokee, and Lakota take place at the Blue Spring Shelter regularly. It remains a place of peace, healing, and connection.</p><br>
<p>The Chanin Building, also known as 122 East 42nd Street, is a 56-story office skyscraper in Midtown Manhattan in New York City. It is on the southwest corner of 42nd Street and Lexington Avenue, near Grand Central Terminal to the north and adjacent to 110 East 42nd Street to the west. The building is named for Irwin S. Chanin, its developer.</p><br>
<p>The structure was designed in the Art Deco style by John Sloan and T. Markoe Robertson of the firm Sloan & Robertson, with the assistance of Chanin&#39;s architect Jacques Delamarre. It incorporates architectural sculpture by Rene Paul Chambellan, as well as a facade of brick and terracotta. The skyscraper reaches 680 ft, with a 649 ft roof topped by a 31 ft spire. The Chanin Building includes numerous setbacks to conform with the 1916 Zoning Resolution.</p><br>
<p>The Chanin Building was constructed in 1927–1929 on the site of a warehouse, one of the last remaining undeveloped sites around Grand Central Terminal. Upon opening, the building was almost fully rented, and it was the third-tallest building in New York City. Over the years, the upper floors have contained a movie theater, observation deck, and radio broadcast station, while the lower floors were used as offices and a bus terminal. The building was designated a New York City landmark in 1978, and was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.</p><br>
<h2>Site</h2><br>
<p>The building is at 122 East 42nd Street in the Midtown and Murray Hill neighborhoods of Manhattan in New York City. It is bounded by Lexington Avenue to the east, 42nd Street to the north, and 41st Street to the south. The lot measures 125 ft along 42nd Street, 175 ft along 41st Street, and 197.5 ft along Lexington Avenue. The building is assigned its own ZIP Code, 10168; it was one of 41 buildings in Manhattan that had their own ZIP Codes.</p><br>
<p>The Chanin Building is part of the Terminal City area around Grand Central Terminal; directly to the west are 110 East 42nd Street and the Pershing Square Building. The Grand Hyatt New York hotel is located across 42nd Street, while the Socony–Mobil Building is located across Lexington Avenue and the Chrysler Building is diagonally across both streets.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The Chanin Building was designed by Sloan & Robertson in the Art Deco style. The design was mostly the work of Rene Paul Chambellan and Jacques Delamarre. The former specialized in architectural sculpture in numerous styles, such as the Art Deco style, while the latter led the staff of the Chanin Company.</p><br>
<h3>Form</h3><br>
<p>The Chanin Building employs a series of setbacks Because of the varying widths of the surrounding streets, three separate groups of setbacks were mandated for each elevation of the facade as per the 1916 Zoning Resolution. The Chanin Buildings massing was inspired by that of Eliel Saarinens unbuilt proposal for Chicago&#39;s Tribune Tower. Though the building is primarily designed in the Art Deco style, the massing also exhibits design characteristics of the International Style.</p><br>
<p>The lowest four stories occupy the entire land lot.</p><br>
<h3>Facade</h3><br>
<p>The Chanin Building is clad with buff brick, limestone, and terracotta. There are three entrances to the building&#39;s office stories, which are ornamented with eight plaster reliefs of personified figures against a geometric pattern. Two of the reliefs symbolize achievement and success, while the other six depict physical and mental attributes by which those objectives are attained. The base of the building bears black Belgian marble around the storefront windows, which are each made of plate glass. These storefront windows correspond to two bays on upper stories, allowing for wide displays. A second terracotta frieze runs the whole length of the lower facade, presenting a dramatic collection of angular zigzags and curvy leaves. A bas-relief by Edward Trumbull, designed in the Art Deco style, wraps around the facade.</p><br>
<p>The facade continues upward in relatively simple tones. The crown, above the Chanin Company&#39;s 52nd-story offices, contains abstract-patterned projecting ornamentation, with buttresses outside the 53rd floor.</p><br>
<p>Originally, 212 artificial candles at the crown of the Chanin Building provided the equivalent of 30 million candlepower. These lights, meant to highlight the details of the building, were characteristic of the Art Deco style; on cloudless nights, they could be seen from more than 40 mi away. They had been toned down by the late twentieth century. The lights are no longer in use but remain in place. During the daytime, the building&#39;s crown appeared as a solid mass.</p><br>
<h3>Interior</h3><br>
<h4>Lobby</h4><br>
<p>The lobby is accessed by passageways from 42nd and 41st Streets, with a side entrance from Lexington Avenue. Originally, the floors had lozenge-shaped panels, but heavy pedestrian traffic wore down these panels over the years.</p><br>
<p>Marble stairs lead to the basement where there are connections to Grand Central Terminal and the New York City Subway&#39;s Grand Central–42nd Street station. Also inside are 21 high speed passenger elevators, split up into three elevator banks, as well as one service elevator. When the building opened, the first floor, mezzanine, and second floor were used by banks and other commercial concerns. The storefronts opened both inward into the lobby and outward onto the sidewalk. The storefront windows in the lobby are more ornate versions of those outside.</p><br>
<p>The lobby originally contained a "palatial" bus terminal operated by the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad. The terminal was outfitted with marble surfaces and also contained waiting rooms and ticket offices. Buses would pull onto a revolving turntable within the terminal, which received boarding passengers on one side and deposited alighting passengers on the other. The coach terminal closed after the railroad discontinued all passenger service north of Baltimore in 1958.</p><br>
<h4>Upper floors</h4><br>
<p>The third through 48th floors consist almost entirely of leasable office space, while the 49th and 50th floors contain the Chanin brothers&#39; boardroom and offices.</p><br>
<p>The floors above were originally the offices of the Chanin Organization, with an Art Deco restroom that a building trade conventions judges referred to as "Americas finest bathroom".</p><br>
<p>As a dominant landmark in the midtown skyline upon its opening, the building had an open-air observation deck on the 54th floor. It was one of three open-air observatories in the city following World War II, the others being at 30 Rockefeller Plaza and at the Empire State Building, though there had been several other observation decks in the city prior to the war. The Chanin Building only charged 25 cents for admission, since it was not as well known as the other two buildings with outdoor observatories. Over the years, several people have committed suicide by jumping off the 54th floor observation deck. In later years, other nearby buildings surpassed the Chanin Building in height (including the Chrysler Building, diagonally across Lexington Avenue and 42nd Street), and so the observation deck was closed in the mid-20th century.</p><br>
<p>The top of the building was used as a transmission site for WQXR-FM starting on December 15, 1941, when it was relocated from Long Island City in Queens. In 1965, the transmitter was moved to the Empire State Building.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The completion of the underground Grand Central Terminal in 1913 resulted in the rapid development of Terminal City, the area around Grand Central, as well as a corresponding increase in real-estate prices. Among these were the New York Central Building at 47th Street and Park Avenue, as well as the Grand Central Palace across 42nd Street from the present Chanin Building. By 1920, the area had become what The New York Times called "a great civic centre". One site that had yet to be redeveloped was the Manhattan Storage Warehouse, which was built in 1882 and still occupied the site of the Chanin Building.</p><br>
<p>Irwin Chanin was an American architect and real estate developer who designed several Art Deco towers and Broadway theaters. He and his brother Henry I. Chanin designed their first Manhattan buildings in 1924. They then built and operated a number of theaters and other structures related to the entertainment industry, including the Roxy Theatre and the Hotel Lincoln. Chanin believed the area around Grand Central Terminal had potential for growth because of the construction of hotels and apartment buildings at Tudor City, Sutton Place, and Lexington and Park Avenues.</p><br>
<h3>Development</h3><br>
<p>The first plan for a skyscraper at the Chanin Building site was made in 1925, when a developer proposed a 35-story skyscraper. The Chanin brothers initially planned to erect a bulky square 45-story tower designed by Rouse & Goldstone.</p><br>
<p>The brothers still had a reputation for being involved mostly in the theater industry. According to one author, when the Chanins started clearing the site in 1927, many members of the general public could not tell "whether the Chanins were builders or theater-owners who had taken up building as a sideline." The warehouse itself was difficult to clear, since its 5 ft walls had been designed to protect against "burglary, fire and assault". The process entailed clearing away 7,500 truck loads of brick, 1,000 of scrap metal, and 3,500 of loose earth. The official plans for the Chanin Building were filed with the New York City Department of Buildings in June 1927, at which point 60 percent of the warehouse had been demolished. Sloan & Robertson, architects of the nearby Graybar Building, Pershing Square Building, and 110 East 42nd Street, were hired to design the Chanin Building.</p><br>
<p>Once the foundation had been laid, the first steel columns were installed in January 1928, with Irwin S. Chanin driving in the first rivet. Crowds frequently stopped to observe the construction process. The erection of the frame was not without problems: in one incident, the boom of a construction derrick fell from the 20th floor, nearly splitting a truck in half, though no one was injured or killed. The steelwork was completed by that June, The building held its topping out ceremony in August 1928.</p><br>
<h3>Usage</h3><br>
<p>The structure was declared complete on January 23, 1929, exactly one year after the first rivet had been driven into the building. It opened January 29 at an estimated cost of $12-14 million, with an informal opening attended by mayor Jimmy Walker. The Chanin Building thus became the first major skyscraper in Terminal City, and the third-tallest building in New York City behind the Woolworth Building and the Metropolitan Life Insurance Company Tower. The Chanin Building had more floors than the Woolworth, despite being 112 ft shorter. Though the Chanin Building was later surpassed in height by other buildings, including the adjacent 1,046 ft Chrysler Building that opened a year later, Irwin Chanin was instead focused on attracting tenants with an "efficient, up-to-date" facility.</p><br>
<p>Upon opening, the Chanin Building was almost fully rented. The office space included such tenants as the Kimberly-Clark paper company, Pan American Petroleum and Transport Company, and Fairchild Aircraft, while the Chanin company took all the space above the 50th floor. In addition, the Sterling National Bank took up much of the mezzanine space on the Lexington Avenue side, and a self-service and table-service restaurant opened in the basement. Through the Great Depression, leasing proceeded actively.</p><br>
<p>The buildings owners filed to reorganize the operations of the Lexington Avenue and 42nd Street Corporation, which operated the Chanin Building, in 1947. In subsequent years, the Chanin Building continued to attract tenants such as Guest Keen and Nettlefolds, a Howard Johnsons restaurant, and the Barry Goldwater 1964 presidential campaigns New York state headquarters. In addition, the building hosted USA Chess Championships. Despite this success, the Chanin Building faced some issues: its owners, along with those of the Nelson Tower and Century Apartments, were charged with real estate tax fraud in 1974. The Chanin Buildings owners were estimated to have evaded $138,549 in real estate taxes.</p><br>
<p>The Chanin Building was designated a city landmark by the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission in 1978, and was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1980. By the 1990s, the building was owned by a syndicate headed by Stanley Stahl. Modern tenants include Apple Bank, of which Stahl was the only stockholder, as well as the International Rescue Committee, which had moved to the building in 1994.</p><br>
<h2>Critical reception</h2><br>
<p>Shortly after the building&#39;s completion, architectural critic Matlack Price wrote in an Architectural Forum article that the building was "a splendid contribution to the architecture of all time", and that "The architects have not here compromised a fine vision either with major errors in scale or with minor trivialities." A promotional brochure, with artwork by Hugh Ferriss, described the Chanin Building as the "mise en scène for the romantic drama of American business." Paul Goldberger of The New York Times said that the Chanin Building was "one of the pre-eminent pieces of American Art Deco—a gracefully ornamented, 56-story slab". The fifth edition of the AIA Guide to New York City, published in 2010, characterized the Chanin Building as being "classic style, rather than stylish ephemera. Such distinguished self-improvement seems beyond the grasp of current developers."</p><br>
<p>The interior design of the building was also praised. Herbert Muschamp wrote in 1992 that the Chanin Building "tells a story of New York as the legendary beacon for immigrants", and that its numerous amenities "were integral to the Chanin Building&#39;s drama". Historian Donald L. Miller stated, "Restrained on the outside, the inside is exuberantly ornate".</p><br>
<p>Memorial Union is located on the south shore of Lake Mendota on the campus of the University of Wisconsin–Madison. On the lakeshore to the north of the building is the Terrace, a popular outdoor space overlooking the lake. It has gained a reputation as one of the most beautiful student centers on a university campus.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The exterior of the main wing was designed by University Architect Arthur Peabody. Opened on October 5, 1928, the facility is operated by the Wisconsin Union, a membership organization. Porter Butts, the first director, called it a "college union" because it combines the characteristics of a student union ("student activity center" in other countries) and a student government ("students&#39; union" in other countries) in an organization that brings together students, faculty, and members of the surrounding community.</p><br>
<p>In 1938, the Theater wing opened. It was supposed to be a mirror image of the east wing. However, the project was delayed several years due to financial issues. The final look was very different than it was supposed to.</p><br>
<p>In 1956, the cafeteria was renovated and expanded beyond the existing building envelope. Stone that was removed from the exterior wall was reused to rip-rap the lakeshore.</p><br>
<p>The cafeteria was renovated again in 1982, and again later in 2002, when it was renamed the Lakefront on Langdon.</p><br>
<p>In 2005, a referendum to build a new Union South and to renovate Memorial Union failed, but a new referendum happened again in 2006, and this time it passed. Construction began in summer of 2012 and wrapped up in September 2017. These renovations included a redesign of the Terrace, a renovation of the Wisconsin Union Theater, the addition of new restaurants and study spaces, and the addition of the 1.3-acre Alumni Park, which opened in fall of 2017, and the addition of an underground loading dock, which also serves the adjacent Red Gym and Pyle Center.</p><br>
<p>The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places on May 19, 2015.</p><br>
<p>On September 5, 2023, a pier behind the Union collapsed into the lake, injuring about 20 people.</p><br>
<h2>Memorial Union reinvestment</h2><br>
<p>Building improvements were performed in two phases.</p><br>
<h3>Phase I</h3><br>
<p>Phase I lasted from 2012 to 2014, renovating the west wing. A chunk connecting the theater to the main building was demolished and rebuilt in order to allow for a new elevator and to address accessibility issues. The Hoofers area was rebuilt too, and a new hallway was built out to the lakeshore.</p><br>
<p>The Craftshop was relocated to the lower level, the Play Circle theater was rebuilt as a black box theater, a new entrance was added, a new reception area, and a new Sunset Lounge was added in front of the theater entrance. The main theater was renamed Shannon Hall.</p><br>
<h3>Phase II</h3><br>
<p>Phase II renovated the central core and east wings and terrace, as well as converting the parking lot into Alumni Park. A new underground loading dock was built under the park, allowing direct connection to the basement kitchens and storage areas. The loading dock also was built to serve the adjacent Red Gym and Pyle Center which eliminated the above-ground loading docks. The interior renovation included the dining areas, basement kitchen, Rathskeller, Great Hall, Main Lounge, and Tripp Commons.</p><br>
<p>Most of the Union and Terrace closed in September 2015. The Rathskeller remained open until February but the serving area was closed. A temporary sandwich bar called the Subskeller was installed.</p><br>
<p>Much of the terrace reopened in May 2016 for graduation weekend, and the first floor/basement opened the following December. The remaining areas reopened in September 2017.</p><br>
<h2>Facility</h2><br>
<p>Outside the main building is the Memorial Union Terrace, a stone outdoor dining and recreation area on the shore of Lake Mendota. The Terrace was designed by Peabody&#39;s daughter, Charlotte. It is a popular spot among students and local residents for socializing because of the backdrop of the lake, with its view of sailboats, and the sound of live music, usually free to the public in the evening. The Wisconsin Union Directorate funds music on the Terrace four nights a week in the summer, and on the Terrace or in der Rathskeller on weekends during the school year (depending on weather).</p><br>
<p>Within the Union are rooms and artworks reflecting the local heritage. The largest is Der Rathskeller, a German-style beerhall with elaborate murals, where political debates and card or board games are common among students over a beer. Der Rathskeller directly connects the ground floor to the Terrace outside. Also on the ground floor are the Paul Bunyan Room and dining areas. Upstairs are the Beefeater Room and the Old Madison Room. The west wing of the Union houses the Wisconsin Union Theater and Wisconsin Hoofers.</p><br>
<p>The Daily Scoop sells Babcock ice cream made at the university. Peet&#39;s Coffee Shop is a privately managed operation that serves coffee and pastries. The Campus and Community Information desk acts as an information and referral resource. There is a small retail shop offers newspapers, apparel, and snacks. The Memorial Union Box Office offers ticketing for campus events as well as bus tickets for the Van Galder Bus Line. Memorial Union houses several restaurants and cafeterias. A catering department serves conferences, events for the university, and weddings of Union members, and the annual Tudor Dinners.</p><br>
<p>The Hoofers, an activity group headquartered in the Union, offer activities on Lake Mendota and other outdoor sites.</p><br>
<p>Adjacent to the Union and Terrace is the 1.3-acre Alumni Park. The park is an art gallery and museum displaying the accomplishments of Badgers throughout the 17 decades of the university. Beneath the park is an underground loading dock, which serves the Union as well as the adjacent Red Gym, Pyle Center, and Alumni House.</p><br>
<h3>Building</h3><br>
<p>The building has three main wings.</p><br>
<p>The central core is the grand historical wing. The grand entrance goes right into Memorial Hall on the second floor then into the Main Lounge. The main lounge is flanked by the Hamel Browsing Library on the left and the art gallery on the right. The central core includes two grand staircases.</p><br>
<p>The first floor of the central core contains Der Rathskeller, flanked by Der Stiftskeller on the left and the serving bar on the right. Under the grand entrance is the trophy room and bathrooms. The Paul Bunyan room is located south of the west grand staircase.</p><br>
<p>On the fourth floor of the central core contains the great hall, also known as the dance hall. The great hall has a balcony above the grand entrance.</p><br>
<p>The fifth floor contains offices.</p><br>
<p>The east wing, historically known as the Commons wing, contains most of the indoor dining areas on the first floor. On the second floor is Tripp Commons, and the upper floors contain mostly meeting rooms. The hotel rooms are located on the fourth floor.</p><br>
<p>The west wing contains the theater, Wheelhouse studios, and Wisconsin Hoofers.</p><br>
<h2>Image gallery</h2><br>
<p>Rowan Oak was the home of author William Faulkner in Oxford, Mississippi. It is a primitive Greek Revival house built in the 1840s by Colonel Robert Sheegog, an Irish immigrant planter from Tennessee. Faulkner purchased the house when it was in disrepair in 1930 and did many of the renovations himself. Other renovations were done in the 1950s. One of its more famous features is the outline of Faulkner&#39;s Pulitzer Prize–winning novel A Fable, penciled in graphite and red on the plaster walls of his office. It is now owned and operated by the University of Mississippi as a museum, and is open to visitors year-round.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The house sits on four landscaped acres, surrounded by 29 acres of woods known as Bailey Woods. The original owners, The Sheegogs, lived in the home from 1844 to 1872. The home originally was designed with an L-shaped layout with a 450 square foot center hall connecting a parlor and dining room on one side with a library on the other. A quarter-turn stair led to the second floor and its three bedrooms.</p><br>
<p>In 1872, the Bailey family purchased the home and resided there until 1923. Around the turn of the century, Julia Bailey added an indoor kitchen and pantry, enclosed a dogtrot hallway in the servants&#39; area, a front porch, and a bathroom.</p><br>
<p>The property had been unoccupied for seven years before William Faulkner purchased it in 1930. He renamed the property "Rowan Oak" after the rowan tree of Scotland, symbolizing peace and security, and the live oak, symbolizing strength and solitude. Neither of those trees can be found on the property, but the grounds and surrounding woods of Rowan Oak contain hundreds of species of native Mississippi plants, most of which date back to antebellum times. The alley of cedars that line the driveway were common in the 19th century, as it was believed that cedar trees purified the air of the yellow fever virus. Rowan Oak was William Faulkner&#39;s private world, in reality and imagination, and he was fascinated with its history. During his time at Rowan Oak, Faulkner kept horses on the property for riding, jumping and, occasionally, fox hunting, and he would often attend athletics events at nearby Ole Miss.</p><br>
<p>In the 1930s, Faulkner installed brick terraces with balustrades framing the front portico, added a porch off the dining room, a porte-cochère on the home&#39;s west side, and a fourth bedroom, as well as other structural changes. In the 1950s, he oversaw other updates, including the enclosing of the rear porch on the ground floor for use as a study or office.</p><br>
<p>Faulkner&#39;s years spent at Rowan Oak were productive as he set stories and novels to paper, ultimately winning the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1949, and the Pulitzer Prize and National Book Award for A Fable in 1954.</p><br>
<h2>Preservation</h2><br>
<p>In 1972, the University of Mississippi purchased Rowan Oak. The home is preserved as it was at the time of Faulkners death in 1962. The university maintains the home in order to promote Faulkners literary legacy, and it is open to visitors year-round. The home has been visited by such writers as John Updike, Czesław Miłosz, Charles Simic, Richard Ford, James Lee Burke, Bei Dao, Charles Wright, Charles Frazier, Alice Walker, the Coen brothers, Bobbie Ann Mason, Salman Rushdie, and others. Writer Mark Richard once repaired a faulty doorknob on the French door to Faulkner&#39;s study.</p><br>
<p>Rowan Oak was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1968.</p><br>
<p>The current curator of Rowan Oak is William Griffith. Past curators include the novelists Howard Bahr and Cynthia Shearer. The original curator was Bev Smith, an Ole Miss alumna, who was responsible for finding a large number of Faulkner&#39;s original manuscripts hidden within the closet under the stairs in the home.</p><br>
<p>Fort D. A. Russell, also known as Fort Francis E. Warren, Francis E. Warren Air Force Base and Fort David A. Russell, was a post and base of operations for the United States Army, and later the Air Force, located in Cheyenne, Wyoming. The fort had been established in 1867 to protect workers for the Union Pacific Railroad. It was named in honor of David Allen Russell, a Civil War general killed at the Battle of Opequon. In 1930, the fort&#39;s name was changed to Fort Francis E. Warren. In 1949, it became Francis E. Warren Air Force Base.</p><br>
<p>Over the years, the base served as home for numerous influential American military leaders such as Carl Spaatz, Black Jack Pershing, Billy Mitchell, Walter Reed, and Mark Clark. A portion of the base was designated a National Historic Landmark District in 1975, for distinctively preserving many of the stages of its evolution from a frontier cavalry base to an Air Force base.</p><br>
<p>__TOC__</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Units of the 30th Infantry under Colonel John D. Stevenson began building the fort and nearby quartermaster depot (Cheyenne Depot) in August 1867. In September the first cavalry arrived, Company H of 2nd Cavalry In 1884, it became a permanent base. It was the home to three Black regiments: the 9th and 10th Cavalry and the 24th Infantry (the famous Buffalo Soldiers) for much of the late 19th century.</p><br>
<p>By the turn of the 20th century, Fort D. A. Russell was one of the largest cavalry bases in the United States and several more expansions in the early 20th century further increased its size.</p><br>
<p>In 1919, the airfield became active and soon served as the home field for over 100 military aircraft. During the transition from cavalry to airplanes, the post was commanded by Edmund Wittenmyer, a veteran of World War I. The last cavalry units on the post were deactivated in 1927. In 1930, the base was renamed Fort Francis E. Warren. Warren was a Medal of Honor recipient who served as Governor of Wyoming.</p><br>
<p>During World War II, Fort Francis E. Warren served as a training facility for the US Army Quartermaster Corps. A prisoner of war camp was also constructed on the site.</p><br>
<p>In 1949, the base was redesignated the Francis E. Warren Air Force Base and became part of the Strategic Air Command in 1958. The base became the headquarters for the 90th Strategic Missile Wing in 1963. The wing controlled over 200 ICBMs during the Cold War. The base was the only missile wing to have Peacekeeper missiles which were deactivated in October 2005.</p><br>
<p>On October 1, 1993, the Twentieth Air Force, which controls all of America&#39;s ICBM wings, relocated its headquarters to Warren.</p><br>
<p>The fort was designated a National Historic Landmark on May 15, 1975, while still Francis E. Warren Air Force Base. and.</p><br>
<h2>Renovations</h2><br>
<p>The majority of the structures in the historic district have been maintained. At least 88 housing units have been abated for lead and asbestos materials. Three buildings were renovated in accordance with standards of the USA Secretary of the Interior. The Air Force was tasked to restore the two deck porches on many buildings in the district.</p><br>
<p>Fort D. A. Russell is the name of an American military installation near Marfa, Texas, that was active from 1911 to 1946. It is named for David Allen Russell, a Civil War general killed at the Battle of Opequon, September 19, 1864.</p><br>
<p>It was established in 1911 as Camp Albert, a base for cavalry and air reconnaissance units sent to protect West Texas from Mexican bandits after the Pancho Villa raid.</p><br>
<p>The base was expanded and renamed Camp Marfa during World War I. In the interwar years, the base became the headquarters for the Marfa Command, which replaced the Big Bend District. In 1924, a patrol called the Mounted Watchmen was established to deter persons from crossing the Rio Grande into the United States.</p><br>
<p>In 1930, the base was renamed Fort D. A. Russell. The name had been used on a previous military base in Wyoming; the name became available when that post was renamed Fort Francis E. Warren.</p><br>
<p>The base was briefly abandoned during the Great Depression. On January 2, 1933, the Army closed the post, and reactivated it in 1935 as the home base of the 77th Field Artillery.</p><br>
<p>During World War II, the post was expanded and used as an air base, a base for a Women&#39;s Army Corps unit, a training facility for chemical mortar battalions, and a base for troops guarding the USA-Mexican border. The Marfa Army Airfield was constructed nearby and was used as pilot-training facility.</p><br>
<p>German prisoners of war were also housed in a POW camp on the base.</p><br>
<p>In 1945, shortly after the end of World War II, the fort was closed during Americas demobilization. On October 23, 1946, the base was transferred to the Corps of Engineers. The Texas National Guard assumed control of the base shortly afterward. In 1949, most of the bases land was divided up and sold to local citizens.</p><br>
<p>In the late 1970s, under the auspices of the Dia Art Foundation, artist Donald Judd acquired the former fort and began converting the buildings to house permanent large-scale art installations. Originally conceived to include works by Judd, John Chamberlain, and Dan Flavin, the museum was later expanded to include works by Carl Andre, Ingolfur Arnarrson, Ilya Kabakov, Roni Horn, Claes Oldenburg and Coosje van Bruggen, David Rabinowitch, and John Wesley. Judd&#39;s museum opened to the public in 1986 as the Chinati Foundation.</p><br>
<p>Located at Fort David A. Russells central complex is Building 98, a project of the International Womans Foundation and the home of the iconic World War II German POW murals. The murals were completed in 1945 by Hans Jürgen Press and Robert Humpel, both German prisoners of war held at the base. The building served as the bachelor officer quarters and as an entertainment center for West Point officers during World War I and the Mexican Revolution. The International Womans Foundation was responsible for placing Fort D. A. Russell on the National Register of Historic Places the foundation has operated an artist-in-residency program and base museum since 2002. In 2002, Mona Blocker Garcia took on the task of creating the foundation for mature women artists and healthful aging, thus preserving the important history of Fort D. A. Russell to near its exact state when the fort closed.</p><br>
<p>Creamers Field Migratory Waterfowl Refuge is a 2,200 acre  bird sanctuary, located within the Fairbanks North Star Borough in the USA state of Alaska and partially within the city limits of Fairbanks. It consists of wetlands, fields, and forests. The refuge surrounds the former farm of Charles Hinckley and later Charles Albert Creamer , a former chicken rancher from Washington state who moved to Fairbanks. Creamer saved waste grains from his barn to feed migrating birds. After Creamers death, preservationists banded together to make the area a state refuge. The Creamer farmstead now serves as a visitor center and environmental education center, with the non-profit "Friends of Creamer&#39;s Field" presenting programs year-round. In the summer visitors can take a guided nature walk on the refuge trails. The refuge is open 24 hours a day 7 days a week. It is a multi-use refuge, and limited hunting is also allowed in certain seasons. In winter dog mushing trails criss cross the back of the acreage, while skijorers have trails in the front fields.</p><br>
<p>Among the birds that flock to the refuge in spring and fall during migrations are Sandhill Cranes, Loons, Swans, Canada geese, Plovers, and Sandpipers. In total, over 100 bird species have been spotted in the refuge.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Charles Hinckley built a log barn and opened a dairy business upon arriving in Fairbanks in 1904. In 1938 Charles Albert Creamer succeeded to Hinckley and built the modern day barn, which is still visible today. All other buildings in the area were constructed subsequently after, up to the closure of business in 1965. The State of Alaska purchased all the land around the dairy in 1969, to establish the Migratory Refuge. The property is the only group of pioneer dairy farm buildings surviving in the interior of Alaska.</p><br>
<p>The Creamers Dairy, also known as Hinckleys Dairy, comprising the barn and five other historical buildings, was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1977.</p><br>
<p>Lake Murray is a 5,700 acre lake in south central Oklahoma, near Ardmore named for Oklahoma Governor William H. Murray. It was created by damming Anadarche and Fourche Maline Creeks. The lake is wholly within Lake Murray State Park, Oklahoma&#39;s largest state park, containing over 12,500 acres  of relative wilderness. A state-operated lodge and resort is located on the west shore that serves many visitors to the lake, and serves as a base for numerous cabin and campground facilities near the lake.</p><br>
<p>On October 12, 2001, Lake Murray State Park became the first Oklahoma state park listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>Park history</h2><br>
<p>According to Ada Evening News, the concept of creating a lake at this location surfaced in 1929, when George C. Gibbons, the secretary of the Ada Chamber of Commerce, inspected the area. He contacted the U. S. Biological Survey, which assigned an engineer and a biologist to perform a preliminary study for creating a wildlife refuge that included a lake for waterfowl habitat. Senator Elmer Thomas also became interested in the proposal. Thomas worked to get congressional approval of $250,000 for the project. However, the Biological Survey failed to complete its report before Congress adjourned.</p><br>
<p>Meanwhile, William H. "Alfalfa Bill" Murray, who became Governor of Oklahoma in 1931, embraced the proposal. The Great Depression was in full swing and had hit the state hard. Murray realized that such a project could put a lot of people back to work, not only to construct the facility but to operate it afterwards. He pushed the Oklahoma legislature into appropriating $90,000 for land purchases in 1933. The amount was later increased to $150,000. He also approved starting condemnation proceedings to obtain the land and allowing relief funds to pay workers for clearing the heavily forested proposed lake site</p><br>
<p>The state legislature appropriated $90,000 on April 10. 1933, to purchase about 10,000 acre in Carter and Love Counties for a state park. The park and the man-made lake it contained would be named Lake Murray, for William H. "Alfalfa Bill" Murray, who was Oklahoma governor from 1931 until 1936. During the following year, the National Park Service (NPS) acquired 2,700 acre adjacent to Lake Murray State Park. The land purchased was designated as a Recreational Demonstration Area (RDA).</p><br>
<p>The Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC), established two camps to support the Lake Murray project. The park was designed by E. J. Johnson, who would later serve as park superintendent from 1935 to 1940. The design of structures and facilities employed the same National Park Service rustic style that had been used previously at Yellowstone, Grand Canyon and Yosemite National Parks.</p><br>
<p>Lake Murray State Park Lodge became the first of seven state-owned resort lodges in 1951.</p><br>
<p>In 2013, the state governor authorized the Department of Tourism to spend up to $15 million to construct a new lodge at Lake Murray State Park. After a number of changes, upgrades and cost overruns, the new lodge was completed in 2017 at a cost of over $30 million.</p><br>
<h2>Park description</h2><br>
<p>Lake Murray State Park is Oklahoma&#39;s oldest and largest state park. The state legislature bought the property for the park for about $490,000 on April 10, 1933.</p><br>
<p>Workers in two Emergency Works Act programs established during the height of the Depression by then-President Franklin D. Roosevelt, the Works Progress Administration (WPA) and the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC), converged on what had formerly been Chickasaw Nation property in 1933, to begin construction on Lake Murray State Park. It was the first state park built in Oklahoma and is still the largest. At the same time, workers began construction on the castle-looking building later to be called Tucker Tower. During construction, almost 17,000,000 men worked on the park project for $1.25 a day in wages.</p><br>
<p>The lake was completed in 1937 and opened to the public in 1938. But work on the tower ceased in 1935, reportedly because federal officials decided the project was taking too long to complete and costing too much. And so without windows, doors, floors, or ceilings, the tower was left open to the public and elements. It had been built based on photographs of a European castle taken during World War I by veteran Sen. Fred Tucker, a local legislator for whom the tower is named.</p><br>
<p>Fishing, boating and all water sports are allowed at Lake Murray. Lake Murray Lodge offers guest rooms and suites, cabins, meeting space, The Apple Bin restaurant, and the Parlor. Other activities include boating, swimming, fishing, golfing, picnics, camping, horseback riding, hayrides, hiking, biking, rollerblading, miniature golf and paddle boating. Sports facilities include an 18-hole golf course with a pro shop, tennis courts, softball fields, baseball diamond, horseshoe pits, badminton and volleyball nets.</p><br>
<p>Lake Murray State Park offers an ATV area for 3/4 wheelers, motorcycles and dirt bikes. Other facilities found in the park include an airstrip, Boat Mechanic, marina with rentals, swimming pool with a changing house, swimming beach, riding stable, remote control air field for hobbyists, miniature golf course and Frisbee golf. Nine RV campgrounds with over 300 RV sites and unlimited tent sites are located throughout Lake Murray State Park with full hookups, restrooms and showers.</p><br>
<p>Lake Murray State Park was the first Oklahoma state park listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>In 2001, National Public Radio reported that Lake Murray State Park was Oklahoma&#39;s most popular state park, attracting over 1.7 million visitors, and that it earned the most money from activity fees. Including Lake Murray lodge, the park generated nearly $3.2 million for the year.</p><br>
<h2>Lake description</h2><br>
<p>Lake Murray is a man-made reservoir, created by building an earthen dam across the Anadarche and Fourche Maline Creeks. It was intended primarily for recreational use. The lake has a surface area of 5,728 acres, a shoreline of 67 miles and a capacity of 153,250 acre-feet. The dam was completed in 1937.</p><br>
<p>The original plans for the dam were developed by engineers from Oklahoma Agricultural & Mechanical College, now named Oklahoma State University (OSU). The WPA began constructing the dam in 1935. The structure was completed and turned over to the state on March 5, 1938.</p><br>
<p>The dam has a concrete core covered with earth and rock.</p><br>
<h2>Tucker Tower</h2><br>
<p>Tucker Tower was originally intended as a summer residence for then-Gov. William H. "Alfalfa Bill" Murray, in return for his efforts to get the lake and state park situated in Southern Oklahoma. The design was based on photographs of a European castle that were taken by Fred Tucker, a veteran of World War I and an Oklahoma state senator, and for whom the structure is named. It is constructed of limestone that was quarried at the park site. The tower is five stories high with an observation deck on top. There is a two-story section that was intended as a living area. No governor has ever spent a night there. Years later flooring and a spiral staircase were added to the tower section and the whole complex was turned into a museum.</p><br>
<p>The tower remained unfinished until the state park service stepped in and completed the construction. From the first-floor patio, the tower reaches 65 feet into the air, allowing a breath-taking view that encompasses miles in all directions. The patio itself is about 60 feet above lake level. The tower features one roofed and two open patios, a tree- and flower-lined walkway from the parking lot, a lake lookout along the path, and shaded benches from which to watch the birds and wildlife. During the summer, a variety of programs are presented at 1 and 4 p.m. daily.</p><br>
<p>Tucker Tower opened to the public in 1954 as a geological museum, featuring the granular hexahedrite meteorite found on the state park property in the 1930s. The meteorite remains on display in the tower, although the focus of the facility was changed to that of a nature center in 1981. The Lake Murray Meteorite, the largest of its kind ever found and the fifth largest in the world, was cut in half at the Institute of Meteorites in New Mexico, allowing a rare glimpse into the inside of the 90-million-year-old object. It is just one of the many exhibits at Tucker Tower Nature Center. Other displays include the reconstructed skull and fossilized bones of a mastodon found along the Washita River about 35 miles away; a mind-boggling animal skull collection, and educational exhibits of fossils, Lake Murray history, insects, fish and wildlife, legends, and rock specimens.</p><br>
<p>Tucker Tower was closed for a major renovation and reopened in 2013. The renovation, which included a 4,000 ft2 addition, cost about $3 million, was paid for by the park&#39;s oil and gas trust fund and public donations. The nature center has a classroom and exhibits of local geology, wildlife, and native inhabitants.</p><br>
<h2>Fees</h2><br>
<p>To help fund a backlog of deferred maintenance and park improvements, the state implemented an entrance fee for this park and 21 others effective June 15, 2020. The fees, charged per vehicle, start at $10 per day for a single-day or $8 for residents with an Oklahoma license plate or Oklahoma tribal plate. Fees are waived for honorably discharged veterans and Oklahoma residents age 62 & older and their spouses. Passes good for three days or a week are also available; annual passes good at all 22 state parks charging fees are offered at a cost of $75 for out-of-state visitors or $60 for Oklahoma residents. The 22 parks are:</p><br>
<p>Arrowhead Area at Lake Eufaula State Park</p><br>
<p>Beavers Bend State Park</p><br>
<p>Boiling Springs State Park</p><br>
<p>Cherokee Landing State Park</p><br>
<p>Fort Cobb State Park</p><br>
<p>Foss State Park</p><br>
<p>Honey Creek Area at Grand Lake State Park</p><br>
<p>Great Plains State Park</p><br>
<p>Great Salt Plains State Park</p><br>
<p>Greenleaf State Park</p><br>
<p>Keystone State Park</p><br>
<p>Lake Eufaula State Park</p><br>
<p>Lake Murray State Park</p><br>
<p>Lake Texoma State Park</p><br>
<p>Lake Thunderbird State Park</p><br>
<p>Lake Wister State Park</p><br>
<p>Natural Falls State Park</p><br>
<p>Osage Hills State Park</p><br>
<p>Robbers Cave State Park</p><br>
<p>Sequoyah State Park</p><br>
<p>Tenkiller State Park</p><br>
<p>Twin Bridges Area at Grand Lake State Park</p><br>
<h2>National Register of Historic Places listing</h2><br>
<p>LMPC became the first state park in Oklahoma to be listed on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP). It was added to the list on October 12, 2001, with registration number NR 01001097. The application for registration stated that:</p><br>
<p>Lake Murray State Park is eligible for the National Register of Historic Places under Criteria A and C for its close association with a number of New Deal programs, as the largest, most intact Recreational Demonstration Area in Oklahoma, and as a designed landscape that reflects the National Park Service design philosophy for state and national parks. The park has had an enormous economic impact in the area, both historically and presently. It retains a high degree of integrity and accurately reflects the period of its planning and construction.</p><br>
<p>The applicable NRHP criteria are defined as follows:</p><br>
<p>Criterion A: "Property is associated with events that have made a significant contribution to the broad patterns of our history."</p><br>
<p>Criterion C: "Property embodies the distinctive characteristics of a type, period, or method of construction or represents the work of a master, or possesses high artistic values, or represents a significant and distinguishable entity whose components lack individual distinction.</p><br>
<p>The application for NRHP listing identified 195 contributing resources for the district. The sheer size of the list precludes listing them all in this article, but they can be found on the original application. All of the significant resources within the proposed district boundaries were labeled as either "Contributing" or "non-contributing". Resources in the former category had to meet certain criteria:</p><br>
<p>Built during the Period of Significance (defined as 1933 - 1942 for LMSP)</p><br>
<p>Involved in some aspect of the park during that time</p><br>
<p>Had not lost their historical character through remodeling or conversion to other uses.</p><br>
<p>Non-contributing resources were usually those built less than 50 years before date of the listing on the NRHP.</p><br>
<p>The application also characterized the resources as follows:</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>The lake can be reached via Interstate 35, Exit 24/29, then east 2 mi on State Highway 77S. SH-77S completely encircles the lake and provides excellent access to all parts of the lake.</p><br>
<h2>Additional information</h2><br>
<p>NRHP Application.</p><br>
<p>Hale Farm and Village is a historic property of the Western Reserve Historical Society in Bath Township, Summit County, Ohio, United States. It is within the boundaries of the Cuyahoga Valley National Park. Hale Farm was the original homestead of Jonathan Hale, a Connecticut farmer who migrated to the Western Reserve in 1810. In 1973 Hale Farm was listed on the National Register of Historic Places as the Jonathan Hale Homestead. The Hale House was built in 1825.</p><br>
<h2>Wheatfield</h2><br>
<p>The Western Reserve Historical Society opened Hale Farm in 1958 after receiving the property from Clara Belle Ritchie, descendant of Jonathan Hale.</p><br>
<p>The eastern half of Hale Farm and Village is a living history museum that has a variety of historical buildings, most relocated from elsewhere. This recreated village is called Wheatfield. The majority of Wheatfields structures are inhabited by people who present information on their location but acknowledge the modern world. This technique is known as third-person interpretation. First-person interpretation means that the inhabitants of a structure work as actors who play out the livelihood of a certain year and setting. The timeframe reenacted by the first-person interpreters at Wheatfield was 1862 in 2007. Each year, the actors will move forward one year, until they reach 1865, the end of the American Civil War, at which point they will revert to 1861, which was the beginning of the war. They also offer programs such as A Fugitives Path to Freedom.</p><br>
<p>Hale Farm and Village also has demonstrations of various nineteenth-century trades such as candle, broom, and brick making, glass blowing, and a blacksmith shop.</p><br>
<p>The Tennessee State Capitol, located in Nashville, Tennessee, is the seat of government for the USA state of Tennessee. It serves as the home of both houses of the Tennessee General Assembly–the Tennessee House of Representatives and the Tennessee Senate–and also contains the governors office. Designed by architect William Strickland  of Philadelphia and Nashville, it was built between 1845 and 1859 and is one of Nashvilles most prominent examples of Greek Revival architecture. The building, one of 12 state capitols that does not have a dome, was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1970 and named a National Historic Landmark in 1971. The tomb of James K. Polk, the 11th president of the United States, is on the capitol grounds.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Tennessee State Capitol sits atop Capitol Hill, the highest point in Downtown Nashville. It is surrounded by a number of state government buildings, including the Tennessee Supreme Court building for the Middle Tennessee Grand Division. Directly south of the capitol is Legislative Plaza, a public plaza located between a number of state office buildings. North of the capitol is Bicentennial Capitol Mall State Park, a large public park that traces the state&#39;s history and geographic features.</p><br>
<p>The Tennessee State Capitol is modeled after an Ionic temple, incorporating Greek Revival architecture, and is composed of limestone quarried from nearby. It measures, and is approximately tall. The north and south porticoes each contain eight Ionic columns, and the east and west porticoes, which do not span the entire length of the structure, contain six. All of the columns are capped by entablatures. On top of the roof is a tall round tower, modeled after the Choragic Monument of Lysicrates, that sits on a square pedestal-like structure. The tower contains eight Cornithian columns. The tower is topped by a tall cupola and finial, which in turn is topped by a flag pole.</p><br>
<p>The building contains three stories. The first floor contains the office of the Governor and other state officials, including cabinet members. The House and Senate chambers are found on the second floor, as well as a room which housed the Tennessee State Library and Archives until 1953.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Background and planning</h3><br>
<p>When Tennessee was admitted to the Union on June 1, 1796, as the 16th state, Knoxville was its first capital. Over the next thirty years, the seat of government alternated between Kingston, Nashville, Knoxville, and Murfreesboro, before being moved to Nashville in 1826. The 1835 state constitution mandated that the General Assembly choose a permanent capital. In 1843, Nashville was chosen as the capital.</p><br>
<p>On October 7, 1843, the Tennessee General Assembly declared Nashville as the states permanent capital, and planning for a statehouse began shortly thereafter. The prominent hill on which the capitol would be constructed became known initially as Cedar Knob, and later Campbells Hill after Judge G. W. Campbell, who owned it at the time. It was previously occupied by the Holy Rosary Cathedral, a cathedral which was the first Roman Catholic church in Nashville. The property had been purchased by the city of Nashville for $30,000, and was conveyed to the state government for $1.</p><br>
<h3>Design and construction</h3><br>
<p>The State Capitol was designed by renowned Philadelphia architect William Strickland, who modeled it after a Greek Ionic temple. The prominent lantern structure located above the roof line of the Tennessee state capitol is a design based upon the Choragic Monument of Lysicrates in Athens that honors the Greek god Dionysus doing battle with Tyrrhenian pirates. The cornerstone of the Tennessee state capitol was itself laid on July 4, 1845 and the building was completed fourteen years later in 1859. Its final cost was approximately $900,000.</p><br>
<p>The American Society of Civil Engineers has designated the building as a National Historic Civil Engineering Landmark in recognition of its innovative construction, which made unusually extensive use of stone and was an early example of the use of structural iron. Both the interior and exterior are built with limestone from a quarry about 1 mi from the site. Some interior columns were built from single pieces of stone, requiring massive wooden derricks to hoist them into place. Wrought iron, instead of wood, was used for the roof trusses to reduce the building&#39;s vulnerability to fire.</p><br>
<p>Commercial, convict, and slave labor were used in the project. Fifteen enslaved Black men worked on carving the Capitol&#39;s limestone cellar from 1845 to 1847; Nashville stonemason A.G. Payne was paid $18 a month for their labor. It is believed to be "the most significant project where the state government rented slave labor".</p><br>
<p>Strickland died five years before the buildings completion and was entombed in its northeast wall. His son, F. W. Strickland, supervised completion of the structure. William Strickland also designed the St. Marys Cathedral (located along the base of the capitol hill), as well as Downtown Presbyterian church located just a few blocks away from the state capitol.</p><br>
<p>Samuel Dold Morgan (1798–1880), chairman of the State Building Commission overseeing the construction of the Tennessee State Capitol, is entombed in the southeast corner near the south entrance.</p><br>
<h2>Monuments</h2><br>
<p>Monuments on the Capitol grounds include statues of two of the three Tennessee residents who served as President of the United States: Andrew Jackson is represented by Andrew Jackson by Clark Mills, and Andrew Johnson by a statue by sculptor Jim Gray. The second President from Tennessee, James K. Polk, is buried in a tomb on the grounds, together with his wife, Sarah Childress Polk. Other monuments on the grounds include the Sgt. Alvin C. York Memorial by Felix de Weldon, the Tennessee Holocaust Commission Memorial, the Sam Davis Memorial at the southwest corner of the Capitol grounds, and the Memorial to Africans during the Middle Passage at the southwest corner of Capitol grounds. The Charles Warterfield Reliquary is a group of broken limestone columns and fragments removed and saved from the State Capitol during the mid-1950s restoration, located near the northern belvedere on Capitol Drive. In 1957, the Capitol building was struck by an F2 tornado.</p><br>
<p>On May 30, 2020, the Sen. Edward Ward Carmack Memorial located above the Motlow Tunnel near the south entrance was toppled by protestors during a demonstration in response to the police murder of George Floyd. During the Nashville Autonomous Zone the area near where the statue stood has been unofficially claimed by protesters as "Ida B. Wells Plaza", after the anti-lynching advocate whose death had been advocated by Carmack.</p><br>
<p>The building housed a bust of Nathan Bedford Forrest between 1978 and 2021. This bust resulted from legislation introduced by Democratic state senator and Sons of Confederate Veterans member Douglas Henry in 1973, and its presence was controversial since its dedication. Legislation was proposed in 2017 towards moving it to the Tennessee State Museum. The Tennessee Historical Commission voted 25-1 on March 9, 2021, to move the bust to a museum as soon as possible. The bust was removed on July 23, 2021, and was relocated to the Tennessee State Museum three days later.</p><br>
<p>Augustana Academy was an educational institution in Canton, South Dakota.</p><br>
<p>The Norwegian Augustana Synod was established in 1870. In that year, the Synod began an academy called the Marshall Academy in Marshall, Wisconsin. In 1881, the academy was moved to Beloit, Iowa, and renamed to Augustana Seminary and Academy. In 1884 the institution, now simply called Augustana College, moved from Beloit to Canton, South Dakota. It included Augustana Academy for high school students.</p><br>
<p>In 1917 the Norwegian Synod, Hauge Synod and the United Norwegian Lutheran Church in America merged to become the Norwegian Lutheran Church of America. The new synod combined Augustana College with Lutheran Normal School in Sioux Falls, some 25 miles away. The Normal School was from the Norwegian Synod. Augustana Academy, no longer a division of the college, remained in Canton. Augustana Academy closed in 1971. Since Augustana Academy closed, its records are held by Augustana University in Sioux Falls.</p><br>
<h2>Notable alumni</h2><br>
<p>Carl Braaten, America theologian</p><br>
<p>Ole Rølvaag, well known for his writings on the Norwegian American immigrant experience on the Great Plains. Among other writings, he was author of Giants in the Earth.</p><br>
<p>Archie M. Gubbrud, 22nd Governor of South Dakota</p><br>
<p>Mary Hart, longtime host of Entertainment Tonight</p><br>
<p>The Mahaffie Stagecoach Stop and Farm Historic Site, locally known as the Mahaffie Farm, is located in Olathe, Kansas. The house was originally a stop along the Westport Route of the Santa Fe, Oregon, and California Trails, which originated in nearby Westport, Missouri. The house&#39;s heyday came with large numbers of westbound travelers of the 1860s.</p><br>
<p>The house has now been converted into a museum and gift shop. It is situated on almost 40 acres (160,000 m) of land. It frequently hosts American Civil War reenactments, with a focus on events connected to Bleeding Kansas and bushwhackers. There is also an in-house blacksmith and other various era-specific artisans.</p><br>
<p>The original farm was founded by James Beatty Mahaffie and his wife Lucinda, in 1858. They ran it until 1870 and stayed on the farm until 1886. The existing house was completed by Mahaffie in 1865. It includes two foot thick limestone blocks quarried from the farm itself.</p><br>
<p>The Mahaffies left their name not only on the museum, but on a street in Olathe, Mahaffie Elementary School, and on a recent subdivision.</p><br>
<p>The University House is a residence and venue for official events on the campus of the University of California, Berkeley. Designed by the architect Albert Pissis and completed in 1911, it was formerly named President&#39;s House while it served as the home of the president of the University of California, starting with Benjamin Ide Wheeler and ending with Robert Gordon Sproul. Since 1965, it has been the home of the Chancellor of the Berkeley campus.</p><br>
<h2>Design</h2><br>
<p>The exterior of the building is designed as a classical Mediterranean villa; the front fascia faces south onto the main campus axis, which runs east into the Berkeley Hills from the Crescent Lawn on Oxford Street.</p><br>
<p>The front door opens onto a reception hall with a stairway to the second floor; a living room lies to the west and drawing and dining rooms lie to the east. The Chancellor (and their spouse) usually live in the private quarters on the second floor of the home, while the ground floor is used for receptions and other events. The home features art on loan from the Berkeley Art Museum and Pacific Film Archive.</p><br>
<p>It is the only actual residence in the historic central core of the Berkeley campus, as all student housing lies outside the core campus, but within walking distance.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Under the original ROMA design by French architect Émile Bénard, there was to be a "jurisprudence" building at the present-day site. However, he declined an appointment as the campus&#39;s supervising architect</p><br>
<p>The commission for what would become President&#39;s House was let separately to Albert Pissis, who created a design in a classical Mediterranean style. Construction began on the building with a groundbreaking ceremony on May 16, 1901, presided over by Mrs. Hearst; a budget of had been appropriated, which proved to be inadequate and work stopped after September 1902. The building was completed in 1907.</p><br>
<p>President Benjamin Ide Wheeler moved there with his wife Amey (nee Webb) and their son, Benjamin Webb, just before Charter Day (March 23) 1911, inaugurating its use as the official residence. According to Ida Sproul, the Wheelers lived at 1820 Scenic because they could not afford to furnish the house. After moving in, one of the east-facing rooms was furnished by the Regents of the University of California as a guest bedroom. Amey Wheeler had a garden installed on the grounds to provide cut flowers for the House.</p><br>
<p>Under Ida Sproul, married to Robert Gordon Sproul (UC President, 1930–58), the stove was converted from coal to gas, and stainless steel sinks were installed to accommodate the dishes, washed by hand, generated by the crowds measured in "hundreds and hundreds" she would entertain for tea. The size of the parties kept growing, and to accommodate them, Ida Sproul initially rented, then purchased porcelain dishes; she never served a buffet meal during her leadership of Presidents House. When Chiura Obata, professor of art at Berkeley, and his family were interned during World War II, Ida Sproul offered the attic space at Presidents House to store their art and furniture; Obata&#39;s wife Haruko (an ikebana artist and teacher) had arranged flowers for the Sprouls once, which Ida recalled as "the nicest little flower arrangement... not elaborate and not gaudy, but a little bit of color and maybe a pretty red leaf or something. She was just very good."</p><br>
<h3>From president to chancellor</h3><br>
<p>Berkeley Chancellor Clark Kerr was named the President of the University of California in 1958 to succeed Sproul; instead of moving into President&#39;s House in accordance with tradition, the ex-professor preferred to remain in his private home in El Cerrito, and had the on-campus mansion remodeled to accommodate official events instead; it was renamed to University House. The first chancellor to live there was Roger W. Heyns, who moved into University House in 1965, followed by Albert H. Bowker in 1971.</p><br>
<p>University House was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on March 25, 1982 as part of a larger listing of contemporaneous structures on the Berkeley central campus defining its "formal, turn-of-the-century concept".</p><br>
<p>Rosebud Denovo was shot and killed by an Oakland Police Department officer after breaking into University House in the early morning of August 25, 1992. She was protesting the construction of sand volleyball courts at People&#39;s Park.</p><br>
<p>In 2009, protestors threw flower pots and a lit torch at the mansion, prompting round-the-clock police protection; Protesters hopped over the incomplete fence that fall and demonstrated on the steps for workers&#39; rights. Records showed the completed security fence cost nearly US$700,000, 2 times the original planned budget. When Carol T. Christ became chancellor in 2017, she chose to live in her private home near campus instead of University House.</p><br>
<h2>Residents</h2><br>
<p>1911–1919: Benjamin Ide Wheeler</p><br>
<p>1919–1923: David Prescott Barrows</p><br>
<p>1923–1930: William Wallace Campbell</p><br>
<p>1930–1958: Robert Gordon Sproul</p><br>
<p>1965–1971: Roger W. Heyns</p><br>
<p>1971–1980: Albert H. Bowker</p><br>
<p>1980–1990: Ira Michael Heyman</p><br>
<p>1990–1997: Chang-Lin Tien</p><br>
<p>1997–2004: Robert M. Berdahl</p><br>
<p>2004–2013: Robert J. Birgeneau</p><br>
<p>2013–2017: Nicholas B. Dirks</p><br>
<p>The Rhode Island State House, the capitol of the state of Rhode Island, is located at 900 Smith Street just below the crest of Smith Hill, on the border of downtown in Providence. It is a neoclassical building designed by McKim, Mead & White which features the fourth largest structural-stone dome in the world, topped by a gilded statue of "The Independent Man", representing freedom and independence. The building houses the Rhode Island General Assembly &ndash; the state House of Representatives is located in the west wing, and the Senate in the east &ndash; and the offices of the governor, lieutenant governor, secretary of state, and general treasurer of Rhode Island. Other state offices are located in separate buildings on a campus just north of the State House.</p><br>
<p>The structure was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1970.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The current Rhode Island State House is Rhode Island&#39;s seventh state house and the second in Providence after the Old State House. The structure was designed by McKim, Mead & White, a prominent firm from New York. The building was constructed from 1891 to 1901. The structure underwent a major renovation in the late 1990s.</p><br>
<p>A private organization, the State House Restoration Society, raises funds and advocates for the landmark building.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The Rhode Island State House is constructed of 327,000 cuft of white Georgia marble, 15 million bricks, and 1,309 shortton of iron floor beams. The dome is "the fourth largest self-supported marble dome in the world".</p><br>
<p>The chamber of the Rhode Island Senate is located in the east wing of the building, and the chamber of the Rhode Island House of Representatives is located in the west wing. Other notable rooms include the rotunda (beneath the dome), the State Library (north end), and the State Room (south end). The State Room is an entrance area for the office of the governor and contains a full-scale portrait of George Washington by Rhode Island native Gilbert Stuart. This room is also where the governor has press conferences and bill signings at the State House.</p><br>
<p>The State House was one of the first public buildings to use electricity. It is currently lit by 109 floodlights and two searchlights at night.</p><br>
<h2>The Independent Man (1899)</h2><br>
<p>On top of the dome stands a gold-covered bronze statue of a male figure known as The Independent Man. The statue, originally named "Hope," was designed by George Brewster, cast by the Gorham Manufacturing Company, and installed in 1899. The statue weighs more than 500 lbs, is 11 ft tall, and stands 278 ft above the ground. The Independent Man represents freedom and independence and alludes to the independent spirit which led Roger Williams to settle and establish Providence Plantations and later the Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations.</p><br>
<p>In 1976, the statue was removed from its perch for restoration and repair. Workers cast a full-size replica, which was installed at the Warwick Mall, as well as two replicas of the statue&#39;s head, before returning the original to its home atop the State House.</p><br>
<p>A 2023 drone inspection revealed damage to the statue&#39;s marble base.</p><br>
<h3>Materials</h3><br>
<p>The statue is cast in bronze, and was originally covered in gold leaf.</p><br>
<h2>Events and exhibits</h2><br>
<h3>Royal Charter</h3><br>
<p>The original Rhode Island Royal Charter of 1663 is on permanent display in a small museum at the State House. The exhibit was redesigned and rededicated in January 2016.</p><br>
<h3>Gettysburg Gun</h3><br>
<p>A 12-pound bronze civil war-era Napoleon cannon known as The Gettysburg Gun stands just inside the first floor entrance.</p><br>
<h3>Christmas at the State House</h3><br>
<p>It is an annual State House tradition to feature a Christmas tree and community and cultural holiday displays each December. A Fraser fir or Balsam fir is erected in the rotunda and decorated. The tree, donated by a local family or tree farm, is typically between 17 and 25 feet tall.</p><br>
<p>It has become a holiday tradition in local media to feature stories about problems with Rhode Island&#39;s state tree, often meriting front page treatment:</p><br>
<p>In 2005, the tree was removed from the rotunda after a treatment with flame retardant caused the needles to fall out.</p><br>
<p>In 2007, a "sickly-looking" tree was replaced a few weeks before Christmas.</p><br>
<p>In 2011 Bishop Thomas J. Tobin and others objected to the wording on tree-lighting ceremony invitations, which referred to the tree as a "holiday" tree. Protestors at the tree-lighting ceremony lit a protest tree of their own and sang “O, Christmas Tree,” drowning out the official music provided by a local children&#39;s chorus.</p><br>
<p>In 2012, the official tree lighting ceremony was canceled.</p><br>
<p>In 2013, Governor Chafee changed the wording to "Christmas" tree.</p><br>
<p>In 2016, a 14-foot Fraser fir was deemed too small for the rotunda. A replacement 20-foot tree was placed in the rotunda, and the smaller tree moved to the south steps.</p><br>
<p>In 2017, the rotunda&#39;s 25-foot Fraser fir made national headlines when it began dropping needles "at an alarming rate," after being on display for three weeks. The New York Post called it "the saddest state capital Christmas tree."</p><br>
<p>The 2018 tree was an 18-foot tall Douglas fir donated by a South Kingstown tree farm.</p><br>
<p>For 2019, state staff assembled and decorated 18-foot artificial tree, described as a "replica of a California Baby Redwood."</p><br>
<p>Since 2014, holiday displays from "any Rhode Island area-based religious or secular group" have been featured on the first and second floors. Participating groups have included local religious, ethnic, and secular organizations.</p><br>
<h2>In popular culture</h2><br>
<p>The building served as the United States Capitol exterior in the 1997 film Amistad and the City Hall of Capital City in Disney&#39;s Underdog.</p><br>
<p>Cooleemee, also known as the Cooleemee Plantation House, is a house located between Mocksville and Lexington, North Carolina, at the terminus of SR 1812  on the Yadkin River in Davie County, North Carolina. It is a USA National Historic Landmark, designated in 1978 for its architecture.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The houses floor plan in the shape of a Greek cross, with four equal wings extending from an octagonal core, is based on a published design by William H. Ranlett, The Architect (New York) 1847, Vol. I, Plate 32, published again in Godeys Ladys Book, January 1850; the Godeys Ladys Book engravings were framed and kept in the house. The house is an "Anglo-Grecian Villa", built in the shape of a Greek cross between 1853 and 1855 by Peter and Columbia Stuart Hairston. The builder Peter Wilson Hairston a white Superior Court judge in North Carolina, who had inherited Cooleemee from his grandfather, was a central figure in Henry Wienceks telling of the family&#39;s story.</p><br>
<p>The house is built from approximately 300,000 bricks made on site. Cooleemee Plantation was founded by Colonel Jesse A. Pearson who took part in the capture of approximately 600 tribal Creek Indians during the War of 1812. The Indians known as "Kulimi", a tribe of the Creek nation, were from the village of "Cooleeme" near the junction of the Coosa and Tallapoosa Rivers. The Creek word means "the place where the white oaks grow". Upon his return in 1814, he named his existing plantation "Cooleemee Hill". In 1817, a veteran of the American Revolutionary War and four-time state legislator, Peter Hairston, purchased the 2,500 acre Cooleemee Hill Plantation for $8 per acre &ndash; $20,000 total. In addition to the plantation house, in 1860 there were twenty-three slave dwellings at Cooleemee. The principal crop at Cooleemee was tobacco.</p><br>
<p>In 1997, the Hairston family, who still owned the house, donated a conservation easement to The LandTrust for Central North Carolina, which helped preserve the house and property against development. At that time, the plantation included 1,900 acre of farmland (down from 4,200 acre at its peak),</p><br>
<p>Cooleemee Plantation was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1978.</p><br>
<h2>Family</h2><br>
<p>In 1999, Henry Wiencek published The Hairstons: An American Family In Black And White, which told the story of the Hairston family, which continues to own Cooleemee, and of the plantation and its history over the past 150 years. This family, with black and white branches due to slavery, have continued to hold reunions at Cooleemee that honor their family&#39;s history and roots in the region. Wiencek, in the course of his preparation for this book, witnessed what he considered to be extraordinary interactions between members of the Hairston Family. In the course of his research, Wiencek learned that the Hairstons were not only the largest slaveholding family in the South, but also slave traders.</p><br>
<p>Peter Wilson Hairston, the latest Hairston to own the property at the end of the 20th century, published a book in 1986 accounting the history of the family&#39;s enslaved people, which helped other research into the family and the property. Hairston died in February 2007 in the same bed in which he was born.</p><br>
<h2>Archaeology</h2><br>
<p>About 175 arrowheads that were found on the western side of the Yadkin River at Cooleemee Plantation were classified by Dr. Joffre L. Coe of the University of North Carolina, and Dr. James Bingham, former President of the North Carolina Archaeological Society. The arrowheads, which were from different peoples and of different times, were dated from approximately 7000 BCE to the 18th century. Several specimens exist which date from 8000 to 8500 years old with the eldest, a Hardaway Point, being dated at 9000 years old.</p><br>
<p>The Mabel McDowell Adult Education Center  is an adult education center of the Bartholomew Consolidated School Corporation occupying a historic building in Columbus, Indiana. The building, built in 1960, is a major early work of architect John Carl Warnecke.</p><br>
<p>It was converted to an adult education center in 1982.</p><br>
<p>In 2001, the building was designated by the National Park Service as a National Historic Landmark because of its architecture. In its application to the National Park Service for protected status, the building is described as "significant as an early example of modern architecture in Columbus, and as an important example of the contextual work of John Carl Warnecke, a leading architect of the twentieth century." The building is designed as a series of pods, connected by covered and trellised walkways. The major spaces in each pod (classrooms and other common spaces) are covered by individual pyramidal roof sections. The construction is steel framing on concrete slabs, with the walls finished in steel-clad glass and brick.</p><br>
<p>Warnecke&#39;s design for McDowell attempted to combine functionality with open space reminiscent of an Indiana farm landscape. In his concept for McDowell, Warnecke said a "dominant characteristic of southern Indiana is the flat terrain, a horizontal theme accentuated by tall Victorian houses, barns, and silos, with picturesque groves of trees. The school design is based on the creation of similar grouping of masses and spaces in a scheme which focuses the school group into its own controlled environment, yet extends it outward to the community." Warnecke also designed the John F. Kennedy grave at Arlington National Cemetery and the Hawaii State Capitol building.</p><br>
<p>The Mercer Museum is a museum located in Doylestown, Pennsylvania. The Bucks County Historical Society operates the Mercer Museum, the Research Library, and Fonthill Castle, the former home of the museum&#39;s founder, archeologist Henry Chapman Mercer.</p><br>
<p>The museum was individually listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1972, and was later included in a National Historic Landmark District along with the Moravian Pottery and Tile Works and Fonthill. These three structures are the only poured-in-place concrete structures built by Mercer.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Henry Mercer was a gentleman anthropologist. On a cruise up the Ruhr in early adulthood, Mercer was impressed by the eclipse of artisanal culture by industrial production, and resolved himself to preserving artifacts of preindustrial life.</p><br>
<p>During the late 19th and early 20th centuries, Mercer collected pre-industrial hand tools and other implements of the past. He believed that the story of human progress and accomplishments was told by the tools and objects that people used and saw these time-honored crafts slowly disappearing from memory.</p><br>
<p>Mercer personally designed plans for a museum to house his collection, six stories tall and cast of poured-in-place concrete. Mercer&#39;s museum was completed in 1916.</p><br>
<p>In addition to tools, it displays furnishings of early America, carriages, stove plates, a gallows, antique fire engines, a whaleboat, and the Lenape Stone. The Spruance Library, which houses the Bucks County Historical Society&#39;s archive of historical research materials, is located on its third floor.</p><br>
<p>In June 2011, construction was completed on a new, extensive visitors center at the front of the museum.</p><br>
<h2>Construction</h2><br>
<p>The museum is one of three poured-in-place concrete structures built by Mercer. The others include his home Fonthill and the Moravian Pottery and Tile Works, both of which are located one mile from the museum.</p><br>
<p>Mercer decided to build with concrete after the Great Boston Fire of 1872 destroyed his aunt&#39;s prized collection of medieval armor, which had been stored in wooden structures. He did not want his own collections to suffer the same fate.</p><br>
<p>Locals mocked his choice of building materials, but on completion of the museum, he lit a bonfire on its roof to prove that it was fireproof. Mercer&#39;s museum was an early demonstration of rebar-reinforced concrete as a structural material.</p><br>
<p>View of Atrium in Mercer Museum, Doylestown.jpgInside the Mercer Museum. Pieces hang from the ceiling and walls.</p><br>
<p>Cigar Store Figures.jpg19th century cigar store figures</p><br>
<p>Austin State Hospital , formerly known until 1925 as the Texas State Lunatic Asylum, is a 299-bed psychiatric hospital located in Austin, Texas. It is the oldest psychiatric facility in the state of Texas, and the oldest continuously operating west of the Mississippi River. It is operated by the Texas Health and Human Services Commission.</p><br>
<h2>Services</h2><br>
<p>Austin State hospital offers psychiatric services for children, adolescents, and adults. These individuals may be struggling with one or more challenges within a broad range of mental illnesses and developmental or intellectual disabilities. This hospital offers acute, short-term care in the form of crisis stabilization with the goal of reintegration into society and the transition to long-term outpatient care.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Establishment and early years</h3><br>
<p>The Texas State Lunatic Asylum was chartered by the Texas Legislature on August 28, 1856. The Act set aside $50,000 in USA bonds for the construction of a suitable building. The Governor was authorized to appoint a commission of three men to select a site of between 50 and 100 acres for the asylum, and to appoint a physician to serve as Superintendent at a salary of $2,000 per year and $10,000 in USA bonds was set aside for operations of the facility. Gov. Elisha M. Pease appointed Dr. J. C. Perry as the first Superintendent on May 27, 1857. He was replaced by Dr. C. G. Keenan on February 13, 1858.</p><br>
<p>Sam Houston was elected governor in 1859 and appointed Dr. Beriah Graham as Superintendent on January 9, 1860. It was during Dr. Graham&#39;s tenure that the Main Building was completed and opened for patients on March 11, 1861. Five days later, Gov. Houston resigned, and his successor, Gov. Edward Clark, re-appointed Dr. Keenan. Dr. Keenan served for about seven months until a new governor was elected later that year.</p><br>
<p>Gov. Francis Lubbock appointed Dr. J. M. Steiner as Superintendent on November 1, 1861.</p><br>
<h3>1900s</h3><br>
<p>At the beginning of the 20th century, patients began to work on nearby farms during harvest season as part of their daily tasks to establish a sense of routine and serve as free labor for local farmers.</p><br>
<p>In 1925, the name of the facility changed from the Texas State Lunatic Asylum to the Austin State Hospital to reflect developing attitudes surrounding mental health care at the time.</p><br>
<p>By the 1950s, the hospital had made several recreational activities available to their patients. Residents played sports and were able to attend movie nights, dances, and religious services.</p><br>
<p>Between 1958 and 1965, the hospital gradually desegregated all of their admissions process and services by gender and race.</p><br>
<p>The daily average population of patients peaked in 1968 at approximately 3,313. By 1990, the daily average had dropped to 518 patients.</p><br>
<p>In 1993, operation of the hospital was transferred to the Texas Department of Mental Health and Mental Retardation.</p><br>
<h2>Present day</h2><br>
<h3>Building renovations</h3><br>
<p>Since 2015, the Texas Health and Human Services Commission and Dell Medical School at The University of Texas at Austin have been collaborating to improve conditions at the Austin State Hospital by organizing committees of regional stakeholders and working to focus operational budgets to secure the highest and most personal levels of care.</p><br>
<p>As a response to this influence and to an increasing demand for comprehensive mental health services due to complications caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, the Texas Legislature approved $745 million for the renovation and improvement of Texas psychiatric facilities in the 85th and 86th Legislative sessions. Construction on the facility is currently in progress, and the fully renovated hospital is expected to open in June 2024.</p><br>
<p>The Old Main Building, a portion of the original institution, remains intact as a Texas Historic Landmark.</p><br>
<p>As of March 2022, the newly renovated facility covers 375,000 square feet and contains 240 private patient bedrooms.</p><br>
<h2>Support organizations</h2><br>
<p>Austin State Hospital&#39;s Volunteer Services Council (VSC) is a 501(c)(3) corporation. The VSC conducts fundraiser and donation programs and helps build community awareness about mental illness and the role of Austin State Hospital in the treatment of mental illness.</p><br>
<p>Princeton Tower Club is one of the eleven eating clubs at Princeton University in Princeton, New Jersey, United States, and one of six clubs to choose its members through a selective process called bicker. Tower is located at 13 Prospect Avenue between the university-run Campus Club and the Cannon Club. It currently has a membership of approximately 220.</p><br>
<p>Founded in 1903, the club moved several times before settling down at 13 Prospect Avenue in 1917.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In the spring of 1902, five Princeton students, John Lee, Henry Pogue, Otto Wolff, Conway Shearer, and Frank Little, led the formation of the new upperclassmen eating club, with a $400 stake placed in 1903.</p><br>
<p>The club was formed in the old Monastery Club on University Place and totaled 26 members. The club moved to Gulick House on Olden Street and remained there for one year. In 1904, the club moved to a plot of land purchased from the Cottage Club on 89 Prospect Avenue. The new building featured hot-air heating and was improved with new amenities, like a tennis court. The club moved again to the old building for Quadrangle club where it stayed for four years. The club then purchased a new plot of land at 13 Prospect Ave for $25,000. While a structure existed on the premises, there was a desire for a new structured. Designed by Princeton alum Roderic E. Barnes, the new building was constructed in 1917 and is the club&#39;s current location.</p><br>
<p>In 1921, there was a fire at the club, with the most serious damage being on the third floor in the sleeping quarters. Repairs were rapidly undertaken. In 1935, the club donated $5,000 to help fund a new university scholarship. The club remained open during WWII, dropping to its lowest enrollment at 15 members, all of whom were ROTC officers. In 1971, Tower became one of the first clubs to accept women. The club received tax-exempt status in 1972 by hosting university precepts. Reflective of broader campus debate at the time, in 1978, the club voted on potential alternatives to the bicker system but ultimately maintained it.</p><br>
<p>In 2002, the Jewish community on campus boycotted the Tower bicker process, raising complaints towards club leadership. In 2003, the Tower president was charged with providing alcohol to a minor and causing a nuisance; they resigned. The club accidentally leaked social security numbers for club alumni in 2008. In 2016, Tower was the final club to use the double bicker system, allowing bickerees to choose two clubs.</p><br>
<h2>Membership</h2><br>
<p>Only currently enrolled Princeton students can be members of Tower Club; the majority of the membership is composed of juniors and seniors, with new sophomore members admitted each spring during "bicker," a selection process lasting three days. Members then discuss who to admit in a "positive" process, where no negative comments are allowed. There is also typically a smaller bicker process held in the fall and open exclusively to students in their junior and senior years.</p><br>
<p>In 2024, Tower accepted 165 students, the most students of any of the bicker clubs and had an acceptance rate of around 60%. Tower&#39;s current president is Vincent Jiang, who was also selected to lead the Interclub Council, the first time for a Tower president since 2001.</p><br>
<h2>Reputation</h2><br>
<p>Tower is traditionally known to attract both artistic and politically engaged students on campus. The club has a reputation for having the best food out of all the eating clubs.</p><br>
<p>The Cathedral of the Assumption is a Catholic cathedral in Louisville, Kentucky, and the mother church of the Archdiocese of Louisville. It is the seat of Archbishop Shelton J. Fabre, and Martin A. Linebach, vicar general for the archdiocese, serves as rector.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>St. Louis Church</h3><br>
<p>In 1811, a small group of Catholics in Louisville formed Saint Louis Church at 10th and Main Streets. Previously, Fr Stephen Badin, the first priest ordained in the United States, called the "circuit rider priest," had served the Louisville area, along with much of the American frontier.</p><br>
<p>In September 1821, Father Philip Hosten became the first residential pastor of Saint Louis Church. Fr. Hosten died one year later during an outbreak of yellow fever in the city. By 1830, a larger Saint Louis Church was built five blocks south of the Ohio River on Fifth Street. The Cathedral of the Assumption stands on that site to this day.</p><br>
<h3>From Bardstown to Louisville</h3><br>
<p>The Diocese of Bardstown, the first inland diocese in the United States, was established in 1808, with Benedict Joseph Flaget as the first Bishop of Bardstown. The diocese included most of Kentucky, Tennessee, Missouri, Illinois, Indiana, Ohio and Michigan.</p><br>
<p>In 1841, the diocese was moved from Bardstown to Louisville, and Saint Louis Church became Saint Louis Cathedral. Bishop Flaget, now the Bishop of Louisville, decided in 1849 that a new cathedral should be built. However, Bishop Flaget died on February 11, 1850, a few months after the laying of the cornerstone for the new church building. His remains rest today in a chapel in the cathedral undercroft.</p><br>
<p>The project begun by Bishop Flaget was completed by Bishop Martin John Spalding, the second Bishop of Louisville. On October 3, 1852, the new cathedral was dedicated to the Blessed Virgin Mary under the title of the Cathedral of the Assumption. The new cathedral was almost an identical but larger replica of its predecessor, St. Louis Church. The new cathedral was built around St. Louis Church which, when the cathedral was completed, was disassembled and carried piece by piece out the front doors.</p><br>
<p>The Diocese of Louisville was elevated in 1937 to become the Archdiocese of Louisville and the metropolitan province for all the dioceses in Kentucky and Tennessee.</p><br>
<h3>Bloody Monday</h3><br>
<p>The newly built Cathedral of the Assumption was nearly destroyed soon after its building due to anti-Catholic and anti-immigrant bigotry in the city of Louisville. On Monday, August 6, 1855, George D. Prentice, editor of the Louisville Journal, placed an article of his own opinion in the paper that speculated the possibility of takeover by immigrants: German and Irish. This also included accusations of vote tampering. Fearing for their safety, the "Know Nothing Party" of Nativists bombarded and ambushed local immigrant workers with ammunition, in total killing 22 German and Irish immigrants across the city. Also, the cathedral and the newly built St. Martin of Tours (completed in 1854) were believed to house weaponry in their basements. They were threatened to be burned, but the mayor of the city at the time, John Barbee, himself a "Know-Nothing," inspected the churches and cleared them of such accusations.</p><br>
<h3>Renovation and revitalization</h3><br>
<p>With the 1982 arrival of Thomas C. Kelly, the third Archbishop of Louisville, the Cathedral of the Assumption began anew as an archdiocesan center, under the pastoral direction of Archbishop and Rev. J. Ronald Knott, pastor from 1983 to 1997.</p><br>
<p>In 1985, the establishment of the Cathedral Heritage Foundation (now known as the ) began a push for renovation of existing facilities, expansion of the cathedral complex, and revitalization of the cathedral&#39;s mission to the broader community as a spiritual center in Louisville. Together, the cathedral parish and the Cathedral Heritage Foundation brought the cathedral into the new millennium.</p><br>
<p>Renovation began in 1988 with the removal of sections of the cathedral spire, along with the finial and cross. The year 1989 saw a comprehensive restoration plan adopted. In June 1991, after one hundred years of disuse, the completely restored cathedral undercroft was reopened. Finally, in February 1993, renovation on the main cathedral space began and continued for nearly two years. The grand reopening of the cathedral was celebrated in 1994, with a completely renovated cathedral space.</p><br>
<p>In May 1994, Archbishop Kelly moved into the cathedral rectory, making him the first bishop to live in Downtown Louisville in one hundred twenty years. In June 1998, the cathedral spire and bell tower were completely renovated.</p><br>
<p>In May 2005, the first phase of renovations began on the cathedral school building, which now houses the cathedral parish office. Phase one renovations will provide more space for the parish offices while phase two will provide renovated, state-of-the-art practice space for the cathedrals renowned choirs.</p><br>
<p>The cathedral complex now houses the main cathedral building, with a Eucharistic chapel to the rear, as well as the cathedral undercroft and St. Louis Hall, the Sandefur Dining Room for the homeless, the Patterson Education Center, the cathedral school building (housing the parish offices), and the rectory, providing housing for the Archbishop and other cathedral staff.</p><br>
<h2>Building</h2><br>
<p>During the renovation of the cathedral by the Conrad Schmitt Studios, the walls were faux finished to resemble stone blocks. The effect is convincing enough that many visitors to the cathedral are astonished to learn that the walls are not actual stone. In addition, much of the architectural work around the Coronation Window is a faux finish.</p><br>
<p>The stained glass that formerly stood in the side windows was removed to allow the congregation to view the surrounding buildings, in order to facilitate a sense of attachment to the community. The panels are now displayed in the front windows of the cathedral&#39;s Patterson Education Center.</p><br>
<h3>The nave</h3><br>
<p>The nave, the body of the church, accommodates nine hundred sixty-six people for daily Masses and other ceremonies. The nave has no pews, utilizing individual, movable chairs, complete with kneelers. Usually arranged in straight rows facing the altar and allowing for a center aisle and two side aisles, the chairs may also be placed in rows the length of the church, facing each other across the center aisle for special services such as those of Holy Thursday, Good Friday, and the Easter Vigil. It may also be noted that during the renovations by Conrad-Schmitt, the entire building was cracked down the middle and deeply in danger of collapse. To resolve this, steel strand beams were mounted from wall to wall in the nave to provide a counter push and pull action, keeping the building from falling in or out.</p><br>
<h3>The baptistry</h3><br>
<p>The baptistry holds a prominent position in the church because through it one gains entrance into the Church. A person being baptized may choose either immersion in the pool or infusion, pouring of water from the font. The old baptismal font was relocated to the rear of the nave, immediately inside the entrance doors, and an immersion pool, crafted of red granite, bronze, and marble from the original Communion rail, was added in the last renovation.</p><br>
<h3>The altar</h3><br>
<p>The altar, the center of worship in the church, incorporates a base of gray marble and a red granite table like the granite of the Baptismal pool. The gray marble was taken from the original high altar, which was removed from the back of the sanctuary in the renovation following Vatican II.</p><br>
<p>The brass Lamb of God, in Latin Agnus Dei, is a symbol of Jesus, the Paschal sacrifice offered on this altar. The gray marble base of the altar has carved on the right side an open book and several keys, on the left a bishops mitre and crozier. The book represents Gods word found in the Holy Scripture, the foundation of the bishops teaching. The keys remind us of Christs words to Peter, "I will give you the keys of the Kingdom of Heaven" (Matthew 16:19). The shape of the crozier recalls its origin as a shepherds crook, or staff, suggesting the bishops pastoral role, "Feed my lambs. Tend my sheep" (John 21:15–17).</p><br>
<h3>The Coronation Window</h3><br>
<p>The colorful Coronation Window illustrates the cathedral&#39;s special dedication to the Virgin Mary, the Mother of Jesus, under the title of the "Cathedral of the Assumption".</p><br>
<p>The window, designed and installed by the Blum Art Company of Louisville in 1883, depicts the crowning of the Virgin Mary as Queen of Heaven. It is one of the oldest American-made stained glass windows. This window, in the early half of the 20th century, had been moved to the front of the tower, with a new Assumption window replacing it. During restoration, the windows were switched to place the Coronation Window in its original place in the sanctuary. It was in this crane-operated delicate process that the building was cracked, temporarily halting all work. Conrad Schmitt Studios conserved the historic glass and restored the original appearance of the windows by painting the missing artwork on 2mm slide glass and sandwiching them to the conserved glass before re-leading.</p><br>
<p>According to Catholic doctrine, after the Virgin Mary died, Jesus assumed her body into heaven. As the first among the faithful, she is a sign of the eternal goal toward which all the faithful advance. Centuries of Christian artists honored Mary&#39;s preeminence by depicting her being crowned as Queen of Heaven.</p><br>
<h3>The ceiling fresco</h3><br>
<p>The Ceiling Fresco depicts cherubs surrounding the Virgin Mary at the time of her assumption into Heaven.</p><br>
<p>According to the Historic Structure Report of 1986, a Mr. Landrop, or Gandrop, of Cincinnati painted the fresco. The fresco remained until 1964, through many different changes to the interior. At that time, it was painted over after some plaster fell and was patched. It was rediscovered when again plaster fell from the ceiling, revealing the jewel that lay beneath. The fresco has been painstakingly restored to its earlier beauty.</p><br>
<h3>The cathedra</h3><br>
<p>The cathedra, behind the altar, is the official chair of the Archbishop. It is an ancient symbol of the tradition and authority of the bishop in the life of the Church. The cathedra represents his three main offices of teaching, sanctifying and governing.</p><br>
<p>A cathedral houses the official chair of the bishop of the diocese. In Latin, the word chair is cathedra, from which the name cathedral is derived. The cathedra, upholstered in red suede, has painted on its back the coat of arms of the Archdiocese of Louisville.</p><br>
<p>Symbols on the coat of arms, important to Louisville and the Archdiocese, include:</p><br>
<p>The fleur de lis, representing Louisville&#39;s French heritage</p><br>
<p>A crozier</p><br>
<p>A Star of David, an early symbol of the Virgin Mary</p><br>
<p>A stockade and water flowing downward, representing Fort Nelson and the Ohio River</p><br>
<p>Arrowheads representing the native peoples in this area</p><br>
<p>The presider&#39;s chair was purchased from a local antique store because of its similarity in design to the cathedra. From here, the priest presides during the Mass.</p><br>
<h3>The organ</h3><br>
<p>Above the entrance are the choir loft and the magnificent pipe organ built by Steiner-Reck, Inc., of Louisville in 1983. The organ features three manuals and forty-three ranks. Fanfare trumpets were added in 1994, along with both 32-foot ranks, full MIDI capability, and a Gothic casework of hand-carved mahogany. The center section of the loft railing is original, featuring small pointed arches with a reproduction of the design on the side sections.</p><br>
<h3>The ambo</h3><br>
<p>The Ambo, or pulpit, incorporates gray marble and red granite. Here the scriptures are proclaimed, the responsorial psalm is sung, and the homilist addresses the congregation.</p><br>
<h2>Role in the community</h2><br>
<p>Like European cathedrals, the Cathedral of the Assumption has tried to respond to the needs of the community, serving as a hospice, an orphanage, and a shelter for the poor. Presentation Academy, Saint Joseph Infirmary, and Saint Vincent&#39;s Orphanage each grew out of the cathedral undercroft. This tradition continues at the Cathedral of the Assumption, with many programs reaching out to the social and spiritual concerns of the community, including:</p><br>
<p>A Daily Lunch Program which serves approximately 125 homeless individuals</p><br>
<p>Dress for Success: A not-for-profit organization that helps low-income women transition into the workforce, providing resources and training on clothing, grooming, and professionalism</p><br>
<p>The Healing Place: Provides overnight shelter for the homeless, substance abuse programs for men and women, health care, meals, a clothes closet, and other services; provides care for mothers and their children who have fled abusive homes</p><br>
<p>Housing Initiative: volunteers for Repair Affair, Project Warm, Habitat for Humanity, and similar projects</p><br>
<p>Hunger and Poverty: involved in the AIDS Walk, Hunger Walk, the annual "Desserts Desserts" Festival, and special homeless dinners, particularly at Thanksgiving and Christmas.</p><br>
<h3>The Center for Interfaith Relations</h3><br>
<p>Founded in 1985 as the Cathedral Heritage Foundation, the foundation changed its name to the Center for Interfaith Relations in 2006 after achieving its three original goals. The primary mission was to undertake the restoration of the cathedral. Twenty years later, it continues to provide community outreach, fulfilling a portion of the mission of the cathedral. Development of spiritual, educational, and cultural experiences is CIRs continuing mission, with the goal of inspiring and fostering individual growth. In an expression of the cathedrals commitment to ecumenism, CIR serves to increase understanding among diverse cultures and to advance ecumenical understanding.</p><br>
<h3>Music at the cathedral</h3><br>
<p>The cathedral choirs have made three European tours, most recently in 2004 touring England and Ireland, singing at Killarney Cathedral, Gloucester Cathedral, and St. Martin-in-the-Fields under the direction of Dr. Phillip Brisson, DMA (Eastman School of Music, 2005), Director of Music for the cathedral. The choirs have recorded two compact disks, and a third disk of their most recent international tour repertoire is in the planning stage. The cathedral choirs have also performed many times with the Louisville Orchestra.</p><br>
<p>The cathedral choir is a mixed choir of approximately forty-five voices and is completely composed of volunteer amateurs, with the exception of four paid section leaders. The Cathedral Choir of Trebles and Mixed Voices consists of approximately seven girls and boys ranging in ages from twelve to seventeen, three adult women and six adult men. The two choirs of the cathedral, though rehearsing separately, sing the same literature for both Sunday morning Masses. Their repertoire includes examples of the great choral literature from early chant through the Renaissance, Baroque, Classical, Romantic, and 20th-century periods. They also come together for special projects, including the Masses of Holy Week and their acclaimed international tours.</p><br>
<p>The cathedral also boasts many talented semiprofessional cantors who share their gifts with the cathedral community for weekend and Holy Day Masses. There is also a dedicated corps of weekday cantors who offer their services for each of the five weekday noon Masses.</p><br>
<p>Additionally, the clock/bell tower is home to numerous Petit and Fritsen tuned bells from the Netherlands and is one of the few carillons in Kentucky. The Verdin Company out of Cincinnati, Ohio, is responsible for taking care of the bells and is currently renovating one of the clock face time pieces. Other repairs and building renovation are currently in progress.</p><br>
<h3>Covenant community</h3><br>
<p>The Cathedral of the Assumption welcomes members of Christ Church Episcopal Cathedral to visit the cathedral, and the two cathedrals have formed a covenant relationship. An annual Lenten Vespers is held by the covenant cathedrals. The highlight of the covenant relationship is the joint Service of Light held on Holy Saturday. The congregations of both cathedrals meet between the two churches and jointly bless the new fire used to light the Paschal candle. From there, each congregation processes to their respective cathedral.</p><br>
<h3>Sister parish</h3><br>
<p>In November 2000, the Cathedral of the Assumption and St. Louis Parish (Jérémie, Haiti) formed a sister parish relationship. The exchange of gifts, talents, and spirituality is the goal of the sister parish relationship. Awareness and communication between the Cathedral of the Assumption and St. Louis Parish is maintained by the Sister Parish Committee.</p><br>
<p>Zachary Taylor National Cemetery is a United States National Cemetery located at 4701 Brownsboro Road , in Louisville, Kentucky. It is named for Zachary Taylor, the 12th president of the United States, who is buried there with his wife, Margaret Mackall Smith Taylor. Zachary Taylor National Cemetery was listed in the National Register of Historic Places on November 3, 1983. As of 2014, the cemetery has over 14,000 interments and is one of seven national cemeteries in the Commonwealth of Kentucky, and one of 112 in the United States. Those buried at the national cemetery served in six wars: Spanish–American War, World War I, World War II, Korean War, Vietnam War, and the Persian Gulf War.</p><br>
<p>The cemetery began as the Taylor family cemetery and holds the graves of the president&#39;s parents, Richard Taylor, a colonel in the American Revolutionary War, and Sarah Strother Taylor, and other family members.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The land which became Zachary Taylor National Cemetery was part of Richard Taylor&#39;s 400 acre estate, known as Springfield, given to him in gratitude for his service in the American Revolutionary War. The house in which the family lived for most of their time in Louisville is still nearby, and is called the Zachary Taylor House.</p><br>
<p>On November 1, 1850, Zachary Taylor was buried in his family&#39;s burial ground. His remains were moved there from the Congressional Cemetery in Washington, D.C. where he was interred temporarily from July 13 to October 25, 1850.</p><br>
<p>In 1883, the commonwealth of Kentucky placed a fifty-foot monument, topped by a life-sized statue of Zachary Taylor, near his grave. In 1930, a sundial was added.</p><br>
<p>The Taylor family in the 1920s initiated the effort to turn the Taylor burial grounds into a national cemetery. The commonwealth of Kentucky donated two adjacent parcels of land for the project, turning the half-acre Taylor family cemetery into 16 acre. However, the Army judge advocate general ruled against acquiring the Taylor cemetery. When the national cemetery was created, the federal government constructed a new mausoleum for Zachary Taylor, made of limestone with a granite base and a marble interior. The mausoleum and adjacent Taylor family graves lie within the boundaries of the national cemetery, but are not owned by the United States government. However, the National Cemetery Administration maintains the Taylor graves as it does the rest of the national cemetery.</p><br>
<p>There have been several attempts to increase the size of the cemetery, but each time local residents stopped the growth.</p><br>
<p>The National Cemetery made the national news on June 17, 1991, when Zachary Taylor&#39;s remains were exhumed to determine if the real cause of death was arsenic poisoning and not an intestinal ailment as previously thought.</p><br>
<p>"A team of Kentucky medical examiners concluded yesterday that Taylor was not poisoned with arsenic or other compounds... laying to rest speculation that he was the first president assassinated." The article title is misleading, as the body was too decomposed to determine what Taylor died of, but there was nonetheless no sign of poisoning.</p><br>
<h2>Today</h2><br>
<p>The cemetery is currently closed to new interments. However, space may be available in the same grave site for eligible family members. It is administered by the National Cemetery Administration, a division of the Department of Veterans Affairs.</p><br>
<p>The cemetery is the burial site of one Medal of Honor recipient, Sergeant John C. Squires (World War II), United States Army. Also, United States Air Force Lieutenant General Roscoe Charles Wilson is buried there.</p><br>
<p>The Taylor family section is at the rear of the national cemetery. The vault in which Zachary Taylor was first buried still stands near the 1926 mausoleum. Soldiers from Fort Knox engage in a wreath-laying ceremony every November 24, the anniversary of Zachary Taylor&#39;s birth.</p><br>
<p>The cemetery also contains the war graves of three British Army soldiers who died on the same day (March 18, 1944) in World War II.</p><br>
<p>Ka Lae , also known as South Point, is the southernmost point of the Big Island of Hawaii and of the 50 United States. The Ka Lae area is registered as a National Historic Landmark District under the name South Point Complex. The area is also known for its strong ocean currents and winds and is the home of a wind farm.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The name for the southern tip of the island of Hawaii comes from Ka Lae in the Hawaiian language which means "the point". It is often spelled as one word, Kalae, or called South Point or South Cape.</p><br>
<p>A confluence of ocean currents just offshore makes this spot one of Hawaii&#39;s most popular fishing spots. Both red snapper and ulua are plentiful here. Locals fish from the cliffs, some dangling perilously over the edge of steep lava ledges. Swimming here, however, is not recommended, due to the current. In fact, it is called the "Halaea Current", named after a chief who was carried off to his death.</p><br>
<p>The confluence of currents also means the area is prone to accumulation of marine debris. Most of this coastline is very remote and difficult to access, and is probably the most debris-littered coast in the state, primarily due to its difficult access for debris removal. This debris poses an entanglement threat to wildlife and may refloat during storms. The shoreline is used by Hawaiian monk seals and hatchling hawksbill turtles, both endangered species. Efforts to clean the coastline are organized by the Hawaii Wildlife Fund in conjunction with the NOAA.</p><br>
<p>Ka Lae is accessible via South Point Road, a 12-mile paved narrow road leading from State Route 11 (Hawaii Belt Road), the turn off being about 7 miles (11 km) west of the village of Nāālehu and east of Ocean View, Hawaii. The strong winds cause some trees to become almost horizontal with their branches all growing in the same direction near the ground. The road forks near its end, with one branch leading south to Ka Lae and the other east to Papakolea Beach, known for its green sand.</p><br>
<p>Ka Lae is the southernmost point in the 50 United States.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>South Point archaeological site</h3><br>
<p>Ka Lae is the site of one of the earliest Hawaiian settlements, and it has one of the longest archaeological records on the islands.</p><br>
<h3>Ka Lae Light</h3><br>
<p>On March 5, 1906, a small lighthouse opened at the point. In 1908 about 10 acre were set aside for the United States Coast Guard to build a house for a keeper. At the request of William Tufts Brigham of the Bishop Museum, care was taken not to destroy the archaeological site. In 1929 a steel tower was built for the light, and in 1972 a new 32 foot (10m) concrete tower with solar power was built.</p><br>
<p>A NOAA Weather Radio transmitter broadcasts weather reports from KBA99 with callsign WWG27 on 162.55 MHz. A weather station also monitors wind speed.</p><br>
<h3>Recent history</h3><br>
<p>During World War II, the US Air Force built a landing strip called Morse Field on the point. The airfield was closed in 1953. In 1961 South Point was on the list of final sites to be considered by NASA to launch crewed rockets to space, but was considered too remote although it was later used to launch sounding rockets for testing of instruments at the Air Force&#39;s Maui Space Surveillance Center. The low latitude of the location also made it (and nearby areas that are as remote) attractive as a site for private rocket launches, but these plans were dropped in the face of high costs and local opposition.</p><br>
<p>A space tracking station was operated from 1964 to 1965, and in the 21st century the Swedish Space Corporation&#39;s Universal Space Network again established a remote ground station for space tracking and communications, now consisting of two 13-meter parabolic antennas on the east side of South Point Road. Also at Ka Lae are the large shortwave radio antennas of World Harvest Radio International, which used callsign KWHR until 2009.</p><br>
<p>In 1987 the Kamaoa Wind Farm began operation with thirty-seven Mitsubishi 250 kW wind turbines with an operationally typical total peak output of 7.5 MW. By 2006 the turbines at 18&deg;59&prime;33&Prime;N latitude, 155&deg;40&prime;5&Prime;W longitude were falling into disrepair, and they were finally shut down on August 15, 2006. At the end of August 2006, components for a new set of wind turbines were transported to South Point. The Pakini Nui project consists of 14 General Electric wind turbines constructed at 18&deg;58&prime;20&Prime;N latitude, 155&deg;41&prime;21&Prime;W longitude, about 1.5 miles (2.4 km) from the old Kamaoa wind farm. Completed in April 2007, Pakini Nui supplies up to 20.5 MW of power to the island electricity grid of Hawaii Electric Light Company. The wind farm is operated by Tawhiri Power, LLC. It is the southernmost wind farm in the United States. The turbines of the old wind farm have been disassembled.</p><br>
<h2>Southernmost point</h2><br>
<p>Ka Lae Point is the southernmost point of all fifty states in the United States, but technically it is not the southernmost point in the United States. The southernmost point of all USA territory is Rose Atoll, American Samoa. However, Palmyra Atoll contains the southernmost point of all incorporated USA territory, according to the doctrine of "incorporation" defined in the Supreme Courts Insular Cases. Palmyras south point on Holei Island at 5°52&#39;15" N latitude is officially the southernmost point of all incorporated territory of the United States of America.</p><br>
<p>The Lower Sioux Agency, or Redwood Agency, was the federal administrative center for the Lower Sioux Indian Reservation in what became Redwood County, Minnesota, United States. It was the site of the Battle of Lower Sioux Agency on August 18, 1862, the first organized battle of the Dakota War of 1862.</p><br>
<p>Today it is a historic site managed by the Lower Sioux Community in partnership with the Minnesota Historical Society. In February 2021, ownership of half of the site was transferred from the historical society to the Lower Sioux Community. The site contains an interpretive center, self-guided trails, and a restored 1861 stone warehouse that is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Lower Sioux Agency was established in 1853 by the United States government, to oversee the newly created Lower Sioux Indian Reservation. This reservation was to be the home for the Mdewakanton and Wahpekute bands following the 1851 Treaty of Mendota.</p><br>
<p>On August 15, 1862, the Lower Sioux turned to the Agency staff for supplies. Representatives of the northern Sissetowan and Wahpeton Dakota bands had successfully negotiated to obtain food at the Upper Sioux Agency on August 4. However Thomas J. Galbraith, the Indian agent in charge, rejected the Lower Sioux bands, as he would not distribute food to these bands without payment from their annuities, which were delayed. At a meeting of the Dakota, the USA government, and local traders, the Dakota representatives asked the representative of the government traders, Andrew J. Myrick, to sell them food on credit. His response was said to be, "So far as I am concerned, if they are hungry let them eat grass or their own dung."</p><br>
<p>On August 16, 1862, the treaty payments to the Dakota arrived in St. Paul, Minnesota, and were brought to Fort Ridgely the next day. They arrived too late to prevent violence. On August 17, 1862, four young Dakota men were on a hunting trip in Acton Township, Minnesota, during which one stole eggs and killed five white settlers. Soon after, a Dakota war council was convened and their leader, Little Crow, agreed to continue attacks on the European-American settlements to try to drive out the whites from their territory.</p><br>
<p>On August 18, 1862, Little Crow led a group of warriors who attacked the Lower Sioux Agency. They discovered Andrew Myrick trying to escape through a second-floor window of a building at the agency. Myrick&#39;s body later was found with grass stuffed into his mouth because of his recent statement to the Dakota (See above). The warriors burned the buildings at the Lower Sioux Agency, giving enough time for settlers to escape across the river at Redwood Ferry.</p><br>
<p>Minnesota militia forces and B Company of the 5th Minnesota Volunteer Infantry Regiment sent to quell the uprising were defeated at the Battle of Redwood Ferry. Twenty-four soldiers, including the party&#39;s commander (Captain John Marsh), were killed in the battle. Throughout the day, Dakota war parties swept the Minnesota River Valley and near vicinity, killing many settlers. Numerous settlements, including the Townships of Milford, Leavenworth, and Sacred Heart, were surrounded and burned, and their populations nearly exterminated.</p><br>
<p>At the conclusion of the Dakota War, most of the Sissetowan and Wahpeton bands were driven out of Minnesota, west to Dakota Territory. Today the Sisseton-Wahpeton Oyate is a federally recognized tribe with a reservation in northeastern South Dakota and southwestern North Dakota.</p><br>
<h2>Current use</h2><br>
<p>Self-guided trails take visitors around the site. The 1861 granary is the only surviving structure from the agency. Interpretive signs mark the locations of other features, including the location of the Redwood Ferry crossing the Minnesota River. Period gardens and plots demonstrate differences between traditional Dakota and Euro-American farming.</p><br>
<p>The Slippery Noodle Inn is a large blues bar and restaurant with two performance stages in downtown Indianapolis, Indiana. It also has the distinction of being the oldest continuously operating bar in the state of Indiana, having opened in 1850 as the Tremont House.</p><br>
<p>The Inn served as a stop on the Underground Railroad during the American Civil War. During prohibition it was called a restaurant, although beer was still being made in the basement, and later it housed a brothel until 1953.</p><br>
<p>The Inn is the oldest commercial building in the city. Its tin ceiling dates to 1890 and the oak bar is also over a century old. The Inn has operated under its current name since 1963. It has hosted many legendary blues performers during that time, and is now one of the most prominent blues venues in the region.</p><br>
<p>The Princeton Charter Club is one of Princeton University&#39;s eleven active undergraduate eating clubs located on or near Prospect Avenue in Princeton, New Jersey, United States.</p><br>
<h2>Club history</h2><br>
<p>The Princeton Charter Club was organized in the fall of 1901 as Princetons ninth eating club, with a Senior Section from the Class of 1902 and a Junior Section from the Class of 1903. The name Cloister was at first selected until it was discovered that Yale already had an institution of similar name. About that time the document known as the Charter for the College of New Jersey was found and presented to the university. Charters current neighbor to the west, Cloister Inn, later took the discarded name.</p><br>
<p>A small building on Olden Street—known as the "Incubator" because several other clubs had started there while they waited for sufficient finances to buy or build a proper clubhouse—was leased and the furnishing paid for by subscriptions.</p><br>
<p>In the spring of 1903 the club purchased three lots and a house on Prospect Avenue which constitutes three-quarters of the present property. The house was redesigned and enlarged under the supervision of an undergraduate member David Adler of the 1904 Section, with the assistance of Professor Harris of the faculty. The funds for the purchase of this property and the alterations to this second clubhouse were raised by the sale of nineteen $1,000 mortgage bonds.</p><br>
<p>The "Adler Clubhouse" would house Charter Club for a decade, until the present "Third Clubhouse", designed by architectural firm Mellor & Meigs was completed in the fall of 1914. Additionally, Charter&#39;s real estate assets had grown. In early 1905, at least one adjacent lot was purchased. In the summer of 1905, a squash court was built behind the clubhouse. The expansion of the land holdings encouraged the membership and graduate section of Charter to build the Third Clubhouse, which was and is a far more imposing edifice than either the Adler Clubhouse or even the "Incubator". Today, Charter is widely regarded as having one of the finest clubhouses on "The Street."</p><br>
<p>After the United States entered World War I, Charter was temporarily closed due to reduced membership caused by widespread member enlistment in the armed forces. For a period of less than two years, between 1917 and 1919, the Charter clubhouse closed its doors, and Charter members left on campus received full membership privileges at Cottage Club. Charter lost seven members in the war, and their sacrifice is commemorated by a plaque located in the "Great Room."</p><br>
<p>Reopening in 1919, Charter quickly gained a reputation as a club personifying the era of the Roaring 20s, carving a niche for itself on campus in the inter-war years. World War II saw Charter closing along with all of its peer institutions, as members almost universally went off to fight abroad. Charter greatly expanded its membership after the war, but disaster struck closer to home in 1949 when a fire spread rapidly through much of the first and second floors causing heavy damage. A fire marshal summoned to the scene of the fire, on seeing the facade of Charter seemingly unaffected, declared famously, "I have never seen a building survive a fire like this, nothing is indestructible, but this place is damn near." Charters membership has since often referred to it as "The Indestructible Charter Club," or simply "The Indestructible."</p><br>
<p>Charter was known throughout the 1950s and 1960s for its hard partying ways—Charter parties were only rivaled at the time by those at perennial animal house Cannon Club. It is suspected, but not known, that at least one Charter member rode with members of Cap and Gown Club in the so-called Great Train Robbery of &#39;63, in which the "dinky" train running from Princeton Junction into Princeton was forced to make a dramatic emergency stop after a car was seen on the tracks, at which point ersatz cowboys rode up to the train on horseback and carried off their dates who had been arriving for the weekend.</p><br>
<p>The greatest era of the Eating Clubs was beginning to fade by the late 1960s, however, and looking to prop up stagnating membership figures, Charter announced that it would accept female members, over the objection of many members of the grad board, shortly after the university made the switch to coeducation. In 1977, Charter made the switch from bicker selectivity to sign-in openness in order to draw more members. The club remained financially stable throughout the 1970s, 1980s, and 1990s, as six of its peers shut their doors permanently.</p><br>
<p>Throughout this tumultuous period, Charter never quite lost its carefree atmosphere and wild touch—best exemplified perhaps by the infamous Initiation Night of 1988. In 1988, Charter counted as members most of the Varsity Football Team, including many of the 89 sections officers. It was some of these gridiron heroes who allegedly planned the raucous celebration of the admission of the new sophomore section which led to 45 members sent to McCosh Infirmary or Princeton Medical Center for alcohol-related reasons. The Princeton Borough Police quickly rounded up the Charter officer corps, and criminal charges were brought against the president and social chair, who were convicted of serving alcohol to minors, fined $500, and sentenced to 30 days in jail. The sentences were later overturned by a Mercer County Court judge, and the two undergraduate officers received probation and were ordered to perform community service. To prevent a similar occurrence, but also to commemorate forever this fateful night, Charter now conducts formal initiations a week after all the other eating clubs, and on what would otherwise be initiation night officially "goes dry." Initiation Night 88 is generally considered to be, along with the Section Party of 1930, one of Charters most infamous moments.</p><br>
<p>In the fall of 2010, Charter announced major modifications to its membership admission system, creating a "weighted sign-in" system that gives preference to sophomores judged to be more enthusiastic about the club, based on their involvement in club activities and attendance at events open to sophomores." In February 2011, operating under this new system, Charter was again the only sign in club to fill its sophomore section in the first round of sign-ins.</p><br>
<h2>Notable alumni</h2><br>
<p>David Adler (1904 Section), architect</p><br>
<p>Arthur Schmidt (1912 Section). Infantry officer and recipient of the Army Cross</p><br>
<p>Edmund Wilson (1916 Section), literary critic</p><br>
<p>José Ferrer (1933 Section), actor and film director</p><br>
<p>Mason Andrews (1940 Section), physician</p><br>
<p>James Stewart (1932 Section), actor</p><br>
<p>Bowie Kuhn (1948 Section), former Major League Baseball Commissioner</p><br>
<p>Charles Fried (1956 Section), Harvard Law professor and former Solicitor General</p><br>
<p>Joel Rosenman (1963 Section), co-creator of the Woodstock Festival</p><br>
<p>Mitch Daniels (1971 Section), Governor of Indiana</p><br>
<p>Arthur Grant Duff (1977 Section), British diplomat</p><br>
<p>Joel Achenbach (1982 Section), writer</p><br>
<p>David Duchovny (1982 Section), actor</p><br>
<p>Phil Goldman (1986 Section), founder of WebTV</p><br>
<p>Jeffrey Ambroziak (1989 Section), cartographer, inventor, and attorney</p><br>
<p>Ken Simpler (1989 Section), Delaware State Treasurer, 2015 to 2019</p><br>
<p>Jonathan Mayer (2008 Section), American computer scientist and lawyer</p><br>
<p>Austin Williams (2018 Section), child actor</p><br>
<p>St. Stephens Episcopal Church is a historic parish of the Episcopal Diocese of Pennsylvania, founded in 1823 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania and located at 19 South Tenth Street, on the corner of Tenth Street and Ludlow Street. St. Stephens was designed by William Strickland in the Gothic revival style. It is the oldest extant building in Philadelphia in this style and was designed by an architect-engineer best known for Greek Revival buildings, though, like his mentor Benjamin Latrobe, he produced buildings in other "picturesque" styles as well. St. Stephen&#39;s first service was held on February 27, 1823. On June 4, 1979, it was added to the National Register of Historic Places. On May 28, 1957, it was designated a historic landmark by the Philadelphia Historical Commission.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Called "bold" in its time, St. Stephens is an example of Philadelphias earliest Gothic Revival buildings that responded to the great local demand for this type since the 1780s. Long considered "misunderstood" Gothic, this early or "Georgian" Gothic, popular in 18th-century Britain, recalls the architecture of Protestant Tudor England (1485–1603) rather than the high Gothic of the Pre-Reformation 12th century that inspired the familiar Gothic Revival from the 1830s on. Architect Frank Furness added a transept and vestry room in 1878.</p><br>
<p>A plaque on the outside front wall, apparently unrelated to the oval Philadelphia Historical Commission marker above it, reads: "THIS CHURCH IS BUILT ON THE SITE WHERE BENJ. FRANKLIN FLEW HIS FAMOUS KITE," though the history of the marker is unclear, and apparently unrelated to the oval Philadelphia Historical Commission marker above it.</p><br>
<h2>Artwork</h2><br>
<p>The sanctuary contains a great deal of artwork from throughout the churchs history. Sculptor Carl Johann Steinhauser was commissioned to create two sculptures for the church: the "Angel of the Resurrection" (also known as the Burd Childrens Memorial, for three of the children of Edward Shippen Burd and Eliza Howard Sims Burd) in 1852 and the Burd Baptismal font, completed in 1857. Architect Richard Upjohn designed a side chapel (1849–1853) to house the Burd Children&#39;s Monument. Other artwork includes the Burd Canopy Tomb (c. 1860), designed by architect Frank Wills and sculpted by Henry Kirke Brown; various memorials to former rectors; and, until it was purchased by the Philadelphia Museum of Art in 2004, the sculpture The Angel of Purity by Augustus Saint-Gaudens.</p><br>
<p>The sanctuary features stained glass windows created by D&#39;Ascenzo Studios as well as Louis Comfort Tiffany of Tiffany Studios. Architect Henry Holiday designed two of the stained glass windows in the sanctuary in addition to the Venetian glass mosaic of The Last Supper (1887–1889) above the altar.</p><br>
<h2>Rectors</h2><br>
<p>In the Episcopal Church in the United States of America, the rector is the priest elected to head a self-supporting parish.</p><br>
<p>The Rev. Dr. James Montgomery (1823–1834)</p><br>
<p>The Rev. Dr. H. W. Ducachet (1834–1865)</p><br>
<p>The Rev. Dr. William Rudder (1865–1880)</p><br>
<p>The Rev. Dr. Samuel D. McConnell (1882–1896)</p><br>
<p>The Rev. Dr. Elwood Worcester (1896–1904)</p><br>
<p>The Rev. Dr. Carl E. Grammer (1905–1936)</p><br>
<p>The Rev. Dr. Vincent C. Franks (1937–1939)</p><br>
<p>The Rev. Dr. Alfred W. Price (1942–)</p><br>
<p>The Rev. Roy Hendricks (1971–1983)</p><br>
<p>The Rev. Patricia A. Oglesby, interim (1983–1985)</p><br>
<p>The Rev. Robert A. Schiesler (1985–1990)</p><br>
<p>The Rev. Charles T. Flood Priest-in-Charge and then rector (1990–2016)</p><br>
<p>The Rev. Peter Kountz, PhD, Vicar (2016–2019) and then Priest-in-Residence (2019–present)</p><br>
<p>The Rev. Michael Giansiracusa, Vicar (2019–present)</p><br>
<p>The Puye Cliff Dwellings are the ruins of an abandoned pueblo, located in Santa Clara Canyon on Santa Clara Pueblo Reservation land near Española, New Mexico. Established in the late 1200s or early 1300s and abandoned by about 1600, this is among the largest of the prehistoric Indian settlements on the Pajarito Plateau, showing a variety of architectural forms and building techniques.</p><br>
<p>The site was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1966.</p><br>
<p>The name Puye (Tewa language: pu, “cottontail rabbits,” and ye, "to assemble"), possibly a place for hunting rabbits.</p><br>
<h2>Ancient pueblo dwellings</h2><br>
<p>The Puye Cliffs complex includes two levels of cliff-dwellings and both surface and cave dwellings. The two levels of cliff dwellings, the mesa top and reconstructed Community House are accessed by paths and about twelve stairways and ladders cut into the side of the cliff. One level of cliff dwellings is over 1 mi long and the second is about 2,100 ft long.</p><br>
<p>The ruins are within the northern end of the Puye Formation, a geologic formation of pyroclastic and block and ash flows exposed east of the Jemez Mountains. The dwellings were carved out of soft volcanic tuff (the Bandelier Tuff) on about a 200 ft cliff ridge. The rock is relatively soft and can be excavated using wooden tools. The cliff dwellings held about 740 rooms and ruins at the base of the cliff that likely held additional dwellings. On top of the mesa are cave dwellings of the Pueblo II Era around which a multi-storied puebloan village was built. The south portion of the complex had 173 rooms on the ground floor. The total number of rooms is not known, but would include rooms on the northern side of the complex and the upper levels. In the center of the complex was a large plaza.</p><br>
<p>Between 900 and 1580, up to 1500 Pueblo people lived in the area where they hunted game and cultivated food. Native peoples first settled in the area in the late 10th century of the Pueblo II Era, living in dispersed farmstead dwellings at the east side of the Jemez Mountains. Their settlements increased and changed over time in the Pueblo III Era, when they lived in larger, concentrated villages of Otowi, Puye, Shufinne, Tsankawi, Tsirege, and Tyuonyi.</p><br>
<p>About 1580 (after the end of the Pueblo IV Era) drought finally forced the villagers to leave for locations nearer to the Rio Grande valley. Present day inhabitants of Santa Clara Pueblo, some 10 mi to the east, claim to be descendants of the Puye residents.</p><br>
<p>In 1907 Edgar Hewett, with the Southwest Society of the Archaeological Institute of America, excavated Puye Cliffs. It was the first systematic excavation of a prehistoric pueblo in the Rio Grande valley.</p><br>
<h2>Recent history</h2><br>
<p>The cliff dwellings were declared a National Historic Landmark in 1966, under the name of "Puye Ruins."</p><br>
<p>In 2000, a planned burn of trees in Bandelier National Monument burned out of control. The resulting wildfire, known as the Cerro Grande Fire, eventually claimed 46,925 acre, some 250 houses in Los Alamos, and devastated Santa Clara Canyon. Puye Cliff Dwellings site has been reopened to the public. Current information can be obtained from Santa Clara Pueblo.</p><br>
<p>Tours can be scheduled to explore the cliffs and learn of their history. The site is available to the public within opening hours. Visitors must check in through the Puye Cliffs Welcome Center.</p><br>
<h2>In popular culture</h2><br>
<p>The area features extensively in the 1952 film The Atomic City.</p><br>
<p>Greektown is a commercial and entertainment district in Detroit, Michigan, located just northeast of the heart of downtown, along Monroe Avenue between Brush and St. Antoine streets. It has a station by that name on the city&#39;s elevated downtown transit system known as the Detroit People Mover. Greektown is situated between the Renaissance Center, Comerica Park, and Ford Field.</p><br>
<p>Named for the historic Greek immigrant community of the early 20th century, the district still has Greek-themed restaurants. Notable buildings include Annunciation Greek Orthodox Cathedral, St. Mary Roman Catholic Church (originally built for the former ethnic German congregation of the parish), Second Baptist Church, the Atheneum Suite Hotel, and the contemporary Hollywood Casino at Greektown (formerly Trapper&#39;s Alley, opened in 1972 by Frances and David Sonne) within its boundaries. The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982. The district is the site of the annual Detroit Greek Independence Day Parade.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The area known today as Greektown was first settled in the 1830s by German immigrants, who created a primarily residential neighborhood in the area. However, in the earliest years of the 20th century, most of the ethnic German residents, who had gotten established in the city, began moving from the neighborhood into newer residential areas farther from downtown. As they left, a new wave of Greek immigrants moved into this older housing. Theodore Gerasimos was the first documented Greek immigrant in Detroit. The newly arrived Greeks soon established their own businesses in the neighborhood.</p><br>
<p>By the 1920s, the area was developing more commercial structures, and the Greek residents began moving out in turn to newer housing. But the restaurants, stores, and coffeehouses they established remained. The next thirty years brought a melange of immigrants to the few residential spaces left in the neighborhood. Redevelopment in the 1960s led to the neighborhood becoming the site of new municipal buildings and parking.</p><br>
<p>Realizing the culturally significant neighborhood was at risk, Detroits ethnic Greek leaders banded together. With the help of the Mayors office, the streetscape and building exteriors were improved, and additional street lighting was installed. The neighborhood threw a Greek festival in 1966, timed to coincide with Fourth of July celebrations. The festival was a success, and was continued for years until turnout grew too large. By that time, Greektown was firmly established in Detroit. The Greektown Historic District was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.</p><br>
<p>Changes continue, and as of June 2012 only three full-fledged Greek restaurants remain in Greektown. The neighborhood is a popular restaurant and entertainment district, having many restaurants that serve authentic Greek cuisine, and one of the citys three casinos, Hollywood Casino at Greektown. Certain buildings on Monroe Street feature themes related to the mythical Pegasus, and such historic Greek structures as the Parthenon, and other ancient architecture. Greek music is played on Monroe Street throughout the day. Well-known restaurants include The Golden Fleece, Bakaliko Cafe, Pegasus Taverna, and Fishbones Rhythm Kitchen Cafe. The Detroit People Mover has a station at the Hollywood Casino on Beaubien Street between Monroe Street and Lafayette Boulevard.</p><br>
<h2>In popular culture</h2><br>
<p>Greektown is featured in the video game Midnight Club 3: DUB Edition (2005).</p><br>
<p>In the American cable TV series Low Winter Sun (2013), the Detroit Police precinct is located four blocks from Greektown. Maya and Damon "kick up" tributes from her bar and from their drug and prostitution earnings to Skelos, Greektown&#39;s main crime lord. Seeking to gain independence from Skelos, Damon opens a blind pig outside of Greektown, where he kicks up to Reverend Lowdown (season 1, episodes 3 and 4).</p><br>
<p>Rumford is the northern section of the city of East Providence, Rhode Island, US. The Rumford section of East Providence borders Seekonk, Massachusetts, Pawtucket, Rhode Island, and the Ten Mile River . Rumford has been part of three towns and two states: Rehoboth and Seekonk, Massachusetts, and East Providence, Rhode Island. It became part of Rhode Island in 1862. Rumford Baking Powder was made in the town at the Rumford Chemical Works and was named after Sir Benjamin Thompson, Count Rumford.</p><br>
<p>Wannamoisett Country Club was established in Rumford in 1898 on land rented from Rumford Chemical Works and it hosts the Northeast Amateur Invitational Golf Tournament each year. The 1931 PGA Championship was played here.</p><br>
<p>About 150 acre of the Rumford area was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980, encompassing the historic heart of old Seekonk and the 19th-century center of East Providence.</p><br>
<p>Bridgham Memorial Library Rumford hist dist.jpgBridgham Memorial Library</p><br>
<p>First Baptist Church, Rumford RI 1879.jpgFirst Baptist Church, designed by William Walker</p><br>
<p>Persys Place diner Rumford (East Providence) Rhode Island.jpgPersys Place diner, on Newport Avenue</p><br>
<p>Los Adaes was the capital of Tejas  on the northeastern frontier of New Spain from 1721 to 1773. It included a Franciscan mission, San Miguel de Cuéllar de los Adaes, and a presidio, Nuestra Señora del Pilar de Los Adaes . The name Adaes derives from the indigenous Adai people, members of the Caddoan confederacy of Indians who were the people the missionaries aimed to convert to Christianity. The presidio and mission were established to counter French influence in Louisiana territory and defend New Spain  from possible invasion or encroachment by the French. In 1763 Louisiana came under the control of Spain and the Los Adaes outpost was no longer necessary for defense. In 1773 the Spanish closed the mission and presidio and forced the population to move to San Antonio.</p><br>
<p>The site, now preserved in the state-run Los Adaes State Historic Site, is located on Louisiana Highway 485 in present-day Natchitoches Parish, Louisiana. It was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1986.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Although Spain claimed much of the Gulf Coast of North America as part of its colonial territory, it largely ignored the region to the east of the Rio Grande throughout the 17th century. In 1699, French forts were established at Biloxi Bay and on the Mississippi River, ending Spain&#39;s exclusive control of the Gulf Coast. The Spanish recognized that French encroachment could threaten other Spanish areas, and they ordered the reoccupation of Texas as a buffer between New Spain and French settlements in Louisiana.</p><br>
<p>On April 12, 1716, an expedition led by Domingo Ramon left San Juan Bautista for Texas, intending to establish four missions and a presidio. At the same time, the French were building a fort in Natchitoches, having founded the town in 1714. The Spanish countered by founding two more missions just west of Natchitoches, including San Miguel de los Adaes (for a total of six missions in the region). The latter two missions were located in a disputed area; France claimed the Sabine River to be the western boundary of colonial Louisiana, while Spain claimed the Red River to be the eastern boundary of colonial Texas, leaving an overlap of 45 mi.</p><br>
<p>In 1719, European powers embarked on the War of the Quadruple Alliance. In June 1719, 7 Frenchmen from Natchitoches took control of the mission of San Miguel de los Adaes from its sole defender, who did not know that the nations were at war. The French soldiers explained that 100 additional soldiers were coming; the Spanish colonists, missionaries, and remaining soldiers abandoned the area and fled to San Antonio.</p><br>
<p>The Marquis de San Miguel de Aguayo volunteered to reconquer Spanish Texas and raised an army of 500 soldiers. By July 1721, Aguayo reached the Neches River. His expedition encountered a French force en route to attack San Antonio de Bexar. The outnumbered Frenchmen agreed to retreat to Louisiana. Aguayo then ordered the building of a new presidio Nuestra Señora del Pilar de Los Adaes, located near present-day Robeline, Louisiana, only 12 miles (19 km) from Natchitoches. The new fort became the first capital of Texas, and it was guarded by 6 cannon and a garrison of 100 soldiers. All six of the eastern Tejas missions were reopened, under the protection of the new presidio.</p><br>
<p>Spain discouraged manufacturing in its colonies and limited trade to Spanish goods handled by Spanish merchants and carried on Spanish vessels. Most of the ports, including all of those in Texas, were closed to commercial vessels in the hopes of dissuading smugglers. By law, all goods bound for Texas had to be shipped to Vera Cruz and then transported over the mountains to Mexico City before being sent to Texas. This caused the goods to be very expensive in the Texas settlements. Because of the great distance between Los Adaes and the rest of the populated portions of Texas, the settlers in the area turned most often to the French colonists in neighboring Natchitoches, Louisiana, for trade. Without many goods to trade, however, the Spanish missionaries and colonists had little to offer the Indians, who remained loyal to the French traders.</p><br>
<p>Although the Spanish settlers in the area did not encounter hostile Native Americans, since the local Caddoan-speaking peoples were friendly, the Franciscan missionaries were unsuccessful in converting the local people to Catholicism. After many years of frustration in this regard, the College of Nuestra Señora de Guadalupe de Zacatecas, which was the sponsor of the missionaries at Los Adaes, recalled their missionaries in 1768, and the mission was closed.</p><br>
<p>On November 3, 1762, as part of the Treaty of Fontainebleau, France ceded the portion of Louisiana west of the Mississippi River to Spain.</p><br>
<p>With France no longer a threat to Spain&#39;s North American interests, the Spanish monarchy commissioned the Marqués de Rubí to inspect all of the presidios on the northern frontier of New Spain and make recommendations for the future. Rubí was not impressed with Los Adaes. Two Franciscan missionaries lived there but 46 years of missionary endeavor had done "little more...than baptize a few of the dying." Not a single Indian lived at the Mission. Twenty-five Spanish families lived nearby on "little ranches." Crops were poor due a lack of irrigation and there was scarcely enough water to drink. Sixty-one Spanish soldiers were stationed at the presidio of Las Adaes. Rubi recommended that eastern Texas be abandoned, with all the population moved to San Antonio. With Louisiana in Spanish control, there was no need for a mission and presidio at Los Adaes to counter French competition. In August 1768, the acting governor, Juan María Vicencio, Baron de Ripperdá, moved his headquarters and the garrison to San Antonio, which became the new capital of Tejas in 1772.</p><br>
<p>The settlers who had lived near Los Adaes were forced to resettle in San Antonio in 1773.</p><br>
<p>After vociferously protesting, the former residents of eastern Tejas were allowed to leave San Antonio the following year (1774); but they were not allowed to locate beyond the Trinity River, 175 miles (282 km) from Natchitoches. In 1779, the Comanches began raiding the new settlement. The former Los Adaes settlers chose to move farther east to the old mission of Nacogdoches, where they founded the town of the same name. The new town quickly became a waystation for contraband.</p><br>
<p>The site of Los Adaes was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1986. It is a site on the El Camino Real de los Tejas National Historic Trail.</p><br>
<h2>Present day</h2><br>
<p>Today the site of Los Adaes is near the town of Robeline, Louisiana. The Los Adaes site has proven to be one of the most important archaeological sites in the US for the study of colonial Spanish and Adai culture presented by the Adai Caddo Indians of Louisiana.</p><br>
<p>Dr. Hiram F. "Pete" Gregory Jr., an archaeologist at nearby Northwestern State University, conducted landmark excavations at the historic presidio from the 1960s through the 1980s. In the 1990s, the state appointed Dr. George Avery to the newly created position of station archaeologist of the Los Adaes State Commemorative Area (as it was called at the time). In this capacity, Avery contributed a great deal in his own right. Los Adaes has since lost its station archaeologist position. However, Avery, Gregory, and other archaeologists specializing in the Spanish colonial borderlands continue to advance the knowledge of this frontier outpost. Gregory, in particular, has championed the need for more academic interest in Los Adaes and the colonial history of northern and central Louisiana in general.</p><br>
<h2>Notable people</h2><br>
<p>Nepomuceno de la Cerda (1752–1826), Spanish soldier born in Los Adaes</p><br>
<p>New Echota was the capital of the Cherokee Nation in the Southeastern United States from 1825 until their forced removal in the late 1830s. New Echota is located in present-day Gordon County, in northwest Georgia, north of Calhoun. It is south of Resaca, next to present day New Town, known to the Cherokee as Ꭴꮝꮤꮎꮅ, Ustanali. The site has been preserved as a state park and a historic site. It was designated in 1973 as a National Historic Landmark District.</p><br>
<p>The site is at the confluence of the Coosawattee and Conasauga rivers, which join to form the Oostanaula River, a tributary of the Coosa River. Archeological evidence has shown that the site of New Echota had been occupied by ancient indigenous cultures for thousands of years prior to the Cherokee. It was known as Ꭶꮎꮜꭹᏹ, Gansagiyi or Ꭶꮎꮜꭹ, Gansagi. The Cherokee renamed it New Echota in 1825 after making it the capital, in honor of their former chief town of Chota, based along the lower Little Tennessee River as one of the Overhill towns on the west side of the Appalachian Mountains.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Prior to relocating to Gansagi and building the community of New Echota, the Cherokee had used the nearby town of Ustanali on the Coosawattee River as the seat of their tribe, beginning in 1788. They had migrated south from eastern Tennessee and western South Carolina under pressure from European-American settlement.</p><br>
<p>Ustanali had been established in 1777 by refugees from the Cherokee Lower Towns in northwestern South Carolina. In that year, Old Tassel and several other Cherokee leaders were murdered by whites while under the flag of truce, while visiting representatives of the short-lived State of Franklin in present-day Tennessee. In response, warriors across the frontier increased attacks on European-American settlers. The Chickamauga Cherokee, a band led by Dragging Canoe, were already carrying out armed resistance to European-American settlement along the Holston River in northeastern Tennessee.</p><br>
<p>Following the murders, Little Turkey was elected a chief of the Cherokee, although they did not have a centralized form of government. The Overhill Cherokee moved the seat of the Cherokee council from Chota to Ustanali. New Echota was named after Chota, the former capital of the Overhill Cherokee, those who lived to the west of the Appalachian Mountains and had previously had numerous towns along the lower Little Tennessee River.</p><br>
<p>A common English name for New Echota was "Newtown" or "New Town." These names are still used for the area around the state park. Later Anglo-American settlers called the area "The Fork" and "Fork Ferry" because of early transportation at the confluence of the rivers.</p><br>
<p>By 1819 the government of the Cherokee Nation was meeting in New Echota. On November 12, 1825, the Cherokee Nation officially designated New Echota as their capital. They had organized a council and a supreme court to adjudicate their justice issues. The tribal council began a building program that included construction of a two-story Council House and a Supreme Court.</p><br>
<p>Later they built the office (printer shop) for the Cherokee Phoenix, the first Indian-language and Cherokee newspaper. Elias Boudinot was the chief writer and editor. Samuel Worcester, a missionary and printer, laid out the first Native American newspaper. Boudinot wrote it in both English and Cherokee, using for the latter the new syllabary created in 1820 by Sequoyah, with type cast by Worcester. Private homes, stores, a ferry, and mission station were built in the outlying area of New Echota.</p><br>
<p>The town was quiet most of the year, but council meetings provided the opportunity for great social gatherings. During these meetings, the town filled with several hundred Cherokee, who arrived by foot, horseback, or in stylish carriages.</p><br>
<p>In 1832, after Congressional passage of the Indian Removal Act, Georgia included Cherokee territory in its Sixth Land Lottery, allocating Cherokee land to European-American (white) settlers. But the Cherokee Nation had never ceded the land to the state. Although the US Supreme Court upheld the Cherokee right to their land, Georgia continued to press for them to cede it. Over the next six years, the Georgia Guard operated against the Cherokee, evicting them from their properties. By 1834, New Echota was becoming a ghost town. Council meetings were moved to Red Clay, Cherokee Nation (now Tennessee). The United States urged the Cherokee to remove to Indian Territory, offering lands in exchange for their lands in Georgia.</p><br>
<p>On December 29, 1835, a small group of Cherokee (100–500 Cherokee known as Ridgeites or the Treaty Party, who represented a minority of Cherokee) signed the Treaty of New Echota in the home of Elias Boudinot. Signers included Major Ridge, John Ridge, and Andrew Ross, a brother of John Ross, the principal chief. Believing that the negotiation would allow them to preserve some rights for the Cherokee, they agreed to cede their remaining lands and to removal in exchange for lands west of the Mississippi River. The Cherokee were to have sovereignty in that western territory. Despite objections from John Ross, who represented the large majority of Cherokee to the US government, the Senate ratified the treaty. The US government eventually forced most of the Cherokee out of the southeast.</p><br>
<p>In 1838 the USA Army, under the command of Winfield Scott, began the forced removal of Cherokee from the state of Georgia. A Cherokee concentration camp was located at New Echota, called Fort Wool. This held Cherokee from Gordon and Pickens counties until their removal. As the first group of Cherokee began their exodus to Rattlesnake Springs, Cherokee Nation (4 miles south of Charleston, Tennessee), the Cherokee from counties south and east of the area also were housed here.</p><br>
<h2>Historic site</h2><br>
<p>After the Cherokee were fully removed in 1838, their capital remained abandoned for more than 100 years. Many of the structures disappeared, though some of the houses continued to be used. Most notable was the house of Worcester, who was called "the Messenger," and who had served as a missionary to the Cherokee. When its landowners deeded land to be commissioned to the state for preservation, the Worcester house, the largest remaining structure, had been vacant for two years. It had deteriorated in that time.</p><br>
<p>From 1930 to 1950, the site was designated by Congress as the New Echota Marker National Memorial. In March 1954, archeologist Lewis Larsen from the Georgia Historical Commission and five associates were assigned to oversee the work of excavating New Echota. The team uncovered evidence of the Cherokee settlement as well as much earlier indigenous cultures. They asked National Park Service archeologist Joe Caldwell and two more workers to join them for the next two months as they continued excavation. The group recovered a Spanish coin dated 1802, crockery, household wares, bootery remains, a small quantity of lead, and 1,700 other artifacts. They identified 600 items as having belonged to the Cherokee. In addition to the standard finds and remains of many buildings, Larsen and Caldwell discovered much of the type syllabary that was once used to print the Cherokee Phoenix.</p><br>
<p>In 1957 following the news of these archeological finds, Georgia authorized reconstruction of the town of New Echota as a state park. They reconstructed such buildings as the Council House, the Supreme Court, the printer shop, a building of the Cherokee Phoenix, a common Cherokee cabin representing a home of an average family, and a middle-class Cherokee home, including outbuildings. Vann&#39;s Tavern, which had been owned by Chief James Vann, was restored. Modern nails and replacement wooden parts were used. It was relocated to the site from Forsyth County, Georgia (Chief Vann had owned 14 taverns across Georgia), as the original New Echota Vann Tavern had been destroyed. The park contains the site of the Boudinot house. The Worcester House was restored to its 19th-century condition. Together the buildings of the complex form an open-air museum. Other sites are not open to the public, as they are on private property. Across from the New Echota park are two farmhouse sites of that era, formerly owned by white men who had married Cherokee women. These sites are part of an Elks Club golf course.</p><br>
<p>The New Echota Historical Park was opened to the public in 1962. Inside the office of the Cherokee Phoenix were displayed 600 pieces of type which had been used for the first American Indian newspaper. Later some type was moved to the museum and research facility that was built by the park.</p><br>
<p>The Newtown Trail is a 1.2 mile interpreted trail that takes tourists to Town Creek (inside the center of New Echota). This is the area where the majority of Cherokee would camp when the council was in session. In 1973, the Department of Natural Resources, also known as Georgia State Parks and Historic Sites, took over New Echota Park. It continues to operate and maintain this historic site. The site was designated in 1973 by the US Department of Interior as a National Historic Landmark, the highest recognition in the United States. On February 10, 2019, the site was added to the Parks On The Air program.</p><br>
<p>The Kenney Gym and the Kenney Gym Annex are two buildings located at 1402-06 Springfield Avenue in Urbana, Illinois, on the campus on the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Although the two buildings have been physically connected since 1914, they were built separately. They were jointly added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1986 under the name Military Drill Hall and Men&#39;s Gymnasium.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The one-story building now known as the Kenney Gym Annex, the easternmost of the two structures, was built in 1889-90 as the Military Drill Hall and was designed by Nathan Clifford Ricker. The interior was converted for use as a gymnasium in 1914, at which time it became known as the Annex to the Mens Gym building next to it. The conversion preserved the buildings large column-free open space, which had been a necessity for military drilling. An eastern addition was made to the building in 1918.</p><br>
<p>The Kenney Gym, the two-story building to the west, was built in 1902 and was designed by Nelson Strong Spencer strongly influenced by Rickers design for the drill hall. It was originally called the Mens Gymnasium but was renamed the Men&#39;s Old Gym when Huff Hall opened in 1925. In 1974, it was named after Harold Eugene "Hek" Kenney, a former UIUC wrestler, coach, and administrator in the early 20th century.</p><br>
<p>Prior to the opening of Huff Hall in 1925, Kenney Gym housed the Illinois Fighting Illini mens basketball team. It was also home to the womens volleyball program from 1974 until 1989 and the men&#39;s wrestling team until those teams moved to Huff Hall.</p><br>
<p>From 1919 to 1925, Kenney Gym played host to the state finals of the Illinois High School Association boys&#39; basketball tournament.</p><br>
<h2>Current use</h2><br>
<p>Kenney Gym Annex is a 5,000-seat multi-purpose arena. Kenney Gym is the practice facility for the Fighting Illini mens and womens gymnastics teams.</p><br>
<p>The buildings are also used by University Laboratory High School in Urbana, located two blocks east of Kenney Gym on Springfield Avenue, as their gym for high school volleyball and basketball, along with their physical education program.</p><br>
